Polymerizable ambipolar hosts for phosphorescent guest emitters

ABSTRACT

The inventions describe disclosed and described herein relate to polymerizable ambipolar monomers, useful for making polymer or copolymer host materials for guest phosphorescent metal complexes, which together can form emission layers of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Methods of making the ambipolar monomers are also described. Formula (I) wherein at least one of the R 1 , R 2  and R 3  groups is an optionally substituted carbazole group.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No.61,220,116 filed 24 Jun. 2009. The entire disclosure of the predecessorapplication is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT LICENSE RIGHTS

The inventors received partial funding support through the STC Programof the National Science Foundation under Agreement Number DMR-020967 andthe Office of Naval Research through a MURI program, Contract AwardNumber 68A-1060806. The Federal Government may retain certain licenserights in this invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The inventions disclosed and described herein relate to polymericambipolar host materials that can transport all of electrons, holes,and/or excitons to guest phosphorescent materials so as to form theemission layers of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Methods ofmaking the ambipolar polymers or copolymers from novel monomericambipolar materials, and ambipolar small molecules are also described,as are unexpectedly efficient OLED devices containing the ambipolar hostmaterials.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Considerable research has been directed toward the synthesis of organiclight-emitting diodes (OLEDs), in view their potential applications infull-color flat panel displays and solid state lighting. Such OLEDsoften contain a light emissive layer comprising a luminescent materialas a guest, dispersed and/or dissolved in a mixture of host/carriermaterials capable of transporting holes, electrons, and/or excitons intocontact with the luminescent guest. The luminescent guest is excited bythe electrons, holes, and/or excitons, and then emits light. The lightemissive layer is typically disposed between an anode and cathode.Single layer OLED devices are known, but typically exhibit very lowquantum efficiencies, for a variety of reasons. Efficiency has beendramatically improved in some cases by employing additional layers ofmaterials in the OLED devices, such as an additional layer comprising amaterial whose properties are optimized for transporting holes intocontact with the emission layer, and/or an additional electron transportlayer comprising a material whose properties are optimized for carryingelectrons into contact with the emission layer. Upon application ofvoltage/current across the OLED devices, holes and electrons aretransported through the intermediate layers and into the emissive layer,where they combine to form excitons and/or stimulate the formation ofexcited states of the luminescent guest material.

The luminescent guest materials can either be fluorescent materials thatemit from a singlet excited state, or phosphorescent materials that emitlight from a triplet excited state. While phosphorescent tripletemitters can potentially produce significantly enhanced quantumefficiencies as compared with singlet fluorescent emitters, the use ofmaterials that emit from triplet states imposes additional requirementson the other materials of the OLED devices. In phosphorescent OLEDs, inorder to reduce the excited state quenching often associated withrelatively long exciton lifetimes and triplet-triplet annihilations,etc., the triplet guest emitters of the emission layers are typicallyinserted as guests into host materials. All the materials should beselected to optimize efficient injection of charges from the electrodes,in the form of holes, electrons, and the formation of singlet andtriplet excitons, that are transferred as efficiently as possible by thehost materials to the luminescent guest material.

In order to maximize energy transfer from the host materials to theguest phosphors, the energies of both the singlet and triplet states ofthe hole and/or electron carrying materials in the host should be higherthan the energies of the corresponding singlet and triplet states of theguest phosphors. See FIG. 1. Furthermore, the conjugation length of thehost materials should be limited, in order to provide a triplet energylevel higher than that of the guest phosphors. Such triplet energyrequirements become particularly challenging when designing hostmolecules that also provide the large charge (hole and/or electron)transport mobilities that are desired.

Thus, development of effective host materials for transporting holes,electrons, and excitons is as important as developing guest phosphorsfor the production of efficient OLEDs.

High-performance phosphorescent OLEDs with good short term luminescenceand efficiency have been reported, but most such prior art devices havebeen fabricated by expensive multilayer vacuum thermal evaporation ofsmall molecule electron or hole transport materials, to providemulti-layer OLED devices, as shown in FIG. 2. For example, hostmaterials comprising carbazoles have been utilized as hole transporterand/or electron blocking materials in OLED applications. Examples ofknown small molecule carbazole-based hole-carrying materials are shownbelow. Polymeric carbazoles such as PVK are also known for use in thehole carrying layers of OLED devices.

Similarly, small-molecule 2,5-diaryl oxadiazoles such as those shownbelow (PBD and OXD-7) are known as suitable electron carrying materialsfor use in making electron carrying layers for OLED devices. Polymericoxadiazole based electron transporting polymers have also been reported,such as for example PCT Application Serial No. PCT/EP/2008 068119 filed19 Dec. 2008, claiming the priority of U.S. Provisional Application61/015,777 filed 21 Dec. 2007, both of which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference for their disclosures relating to monomericoxadiazoles useful for preparing the disclosed polymers.

Furthermore, the use of “ambipolar” mixtures of hole carrying andelectron carrying materials to form a mixed host material forphosphorescent guests in the emissions layers of multi-layer OLEDs areknown. Nevertheless, devices based on mixtures of hole carrying andelectron carrying materials in their emission layers, whether based onmixtures of small molecules and/or polymers tend to undergo phaseseparations, undesirable partial crystallizations, and/or otherwisedegrade upon extended OLED device heating, decreasing OLED deviceefficiency and/or lifetimes over time.

Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for improved “ambipolar”host materials that can efficiently transport holes, electrons, and/orexcitons into contact with phosphorescent guests in emission layers,without undergoing phase separations, crystallization, or thermal orchemical degradation. Furthermore, if a single “ambipolar” amorphous andpolymeric host material could be used to transport holes, electrons,and/or excitons into contact with phosphorescent guests, it is possiblethat one or more of the electron carrying or hole carrying layers of themulti-layer OLED devices could be omitted, simplifying device design andmanufacture, and lowering fabrication costs, especially if high costvacuum deposition techniques could be replaced with lower cost solutionprocessing techniques.

It is to that end that the various embodiments of the ambipolarpolymers, copolymers, and materials and methods for their preparationdescribed below are directed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The various inventions and/or their embodiments disclosed herein relateto and include “ambipolar” polymers, “ambipolar” copolymers, andambipolar small molecules having both hole carrying and electroncarrying groups bound thereto, and the use of such ambipolar polymers,copolymers, and/or small molecules as host materials for carrying holes,electrons, and/or excitons into contact with guest light emitters, foruse in the emissive layers of electronic devices such as organic lightemitting diodes.

Some embodiments of the inventions described and/or claimed hereinrelate to “ambipolar” homopolymers or copolymers that have at least onehole carrying group and at least one electron carrying group bound tothe same subunit of the homopolymer or copolymer backbone. A related butdifferent class of ambipolar copolymers have the hole carrying groupsand the electron carrying groups bound to different subunits of thepolymer or copolymer backbone. Many of these classes of ambipolarhomopolymers and copolymers are readily soluble in common organicsolvents, and therefore can be readily processed in solution (viaprocesses like spin coating or printing) to make layers in organicelectronic devices, such as, when co-deposited with phosphorescent metalcomplexes, emissive layers of OLED devices.

Many different types of polymer and/or copolymer backbones derived frompolymerizable monomers can be employed to make the homopolymers andcopolymers described herein, including for example polymerized styrenes,acrylates, methacylates, and the like, epoxides, hydroxyacids forforming polyesters, aminoacids for forming polyamides, isocyanides forforming polyisocyanates, and the like, as well as ring openingmetathesis polymerization, ROMP, polymerized cyclic olefins such aspolynorbornenyl polymer backbones.

Furthermore, some embodiments of the inventions described and/or claimedherein relate to “ambipolar” “small molecules” that have at least onehole carrying group and at least one electron carrying group, which caneither be solution processed or vacuum sublimed to form organicelectronic devices.

Examples of suitable hole carrying groups bound and/or linked to theambipolar monomers, polymers, copolymers, and/or small molecules includebut are not limited to variously substituted carbazole groups having thebasic carbazole ring structure shown below:

Examples of suitable electron carrying groups bound and/or linked to theambipolar small molecules, monomers, polymers and/or copolymer includebut are not limited to variously substituted 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadizolegroups (often referred to below as “oxadiazole” groups). Further detailsregarding suitable carbazole and oxadiazole groups are provided below.

In many embodiments, the inventions relates to monomers, polymers orcopolymers wherein at least one of the polymer or copolymer subunits islinked to at least one carbazole group and also at least one oxadiazolegroup. See the drawing below.

To provide non-limiting examples, some embodiments of the inventionsrelate to ambipolar polymers or copolymers having at least one, or more,polymerized styrene (i.e. class (I)), acrylate or methacrylate (class(II)), or norbornene (class (III)) subunits in their polymer backbones,wherein at least some of the polymer or copolymer subunits is linked toat least one carbazole group and also at least one oxadiazole group.

In additional embodiments, ambipolar norbornenyl copolymers of adifferent class (IV) contain hole carrying groups such as carbazoles andelectron carrying groups such as for example oxadiazole groups linked todifferent norbornenyl subunits within the polymer or copolymer backbone.Ambipolar norbornenyl copolymers of class (IV) can also compriseoptional additional subunits derived from a wide variety of additionalpolymerizable monomers. In such embodiments, the ambipolar copolymersdescribed herein can comprise

-   -   a. at least one first norbornenyl subunit linked to at least one        optionally substituted carbazole group; and    -   b. at least one second norbornenyl subunit linked to an        optionally substituted 2-phenyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole group;        and    -   c. optionally one or more additional polymer subunits.

For example, in some embodiments, ambipolar copolymers of class (IVa)shown immediately below are norbornenyl copolymers that have at leastsome subunits having each of the structures shown below:

wherein

-   -   a. L¹ and L² are independently selected C₁-C₂₀ organic linking        groups,    -   b. R^(c) comprises at least one carbazole group, and    -   c. R^(ox) comprises at least one        2-phenyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole group.

As disclosed above, the copolymers of inventions, including copolymersof classes (I), (II), (III), and (IV), can also comprise one or moreadditional copolymer subunits as desired. In some such embodiments, theadditional copolymer subunits can comprise linkages to crosslinkablegroups, or luminescent groups, such as suitable organic phosphors orphosphorescent metal complexes.

The ambipolar polymers and copolymers of the inventions can be preparedby any of a variety of polymerization methods as would be obvious to oneof ordinary skill in the art in view of the disclosures herein. Forexample, norbornenyl copolymers wherein some subunits are linked tocarbazole groups and other subunits are linked to oxadiazole subunitscan be prepared by a process comprising the steps of

-   -   a. mixing        -   i. at least one first norbornene monomer comprising a            norbornene group linked to a carbazole group; and        -   ii. at least one second norbornene monomer comprising a            norbornene group linked to an optionally substituted            2-phenyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole group; and        -   iii. optionally one or more additional optionally            substituted norbornene monomers; and    -   b. polymerizing the mixture of norbornene monomers in the        presence of a ROMP catalyst, to produce the copolymer.

In other embodiments, ambipolar copolymers comprising subunits that eachare linked to both a carbazole subunit and an oxadiazole subunit can beprepared by polymerization (in some case radical in others living) orcopolymerization of suitable monomer compounds, such as substitutedstyrene monomers (Ia), substituted acrylate or methacrylate monomers(IIa) or substituted norbornene monomers (IIIa)

Other embodiments of the inventions disclosed herein relate to methodsfor preparing compounds (Ia), (IIa), or (IIIa), as well as certain novelintermediates used for their synthesis.

Further detailed description of preferred embodiments of the variousambipolar polymers and copolymers and methods and materials for theirpreparation broadly outlined above will be provided in the DetailedDescription section below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the energetics of the HOMOs andLUMOs and their corresponding singlet and triplet excited states forboth host and guest materials used the emission layers of OLED devices,and how they can be matched to produce good energy transfer to thephosphorescent guests, or mismatched so as to provide pathways forenergy dissipation.

FIG. 2 shows a common physical configuration of multi-layer OLEDdevices.

FIG. 3 discloses a generic scheme for the synthesis of certain “linear”isomers of ambipolar compounds comprising both one carbazole and oneoxadiazole group, which can serve as synthetic precursors of ambipolarmonomers, as further described elsewhere herein and specificallyexemplified in Example 1.

FIG. 4 discloses a generic scheme for the synthesis of certain“non-linear” isomers of ambipolar compounds comprising both onecarbazole and one oxadiazole group, which can serve as syntheticprecursors of ambipolar monomers, as further described elsewhere hereinand specifically exemplified in Example 1.

FIG. 5 discloses a generic scheme for the synthesis of ambipolarcompounds comprising both two carbazole and one oxadiazole groups, whichcan serve as synthetic precursors of ambipolar monomers, as furtherdescribed elsewhere herein and specifically exemplified in Example 1.

FIG. 6 schematically discloses a synthetic scheme for linkingpolymerizable norbornenyl, styrenyl, or methacrylyl groups to theambipolar precursor compound from FIG. 3, to form compounds withingeneric formulas (Ia), (IIa), and (IIIa).

FIG. 7 schematically discloses a synthetic scheme for linkingpolymerizable norbornenyl, styrenyl, or methacrylyl groups to theambipolar precursor compound from FIG. 4, to form compounds withingeneric formulas (Ia), (IIa), and (IIIa).

FIG. 8 schematically discloses a synthetic scheme for linkingpolymerizable norbornenyl, styrenyl, or methacrylyl groups to theambipolar precursor compound from FIG. 5, to form compounds withingeneric formulas (Ia), (IIa), and (IIIa).

FIG. 9 a schematically illustrates the preparation of three ambipolarhomopolymers of class (I) by free radical polymerizations of styrenelinked ambipolar monomers of classes (Ia). FIG. 9 b schematicallyillustrates the preparation of three ambipolar homopolymers of class(II) by free radical polymerizations of three different methacrylatelinked monomers of classes (IIa).

FIG. 10 schematically illustrates the preparation of three ambipolarhomopolymers of class (III) as carried out by ROMP initiatedpolymerizations of norbornenyl based monomers of classes (IIIa). SeeExample 3.

FIG. 11 a illustrates a ROMP copolymerization reaction described inExample 4 that produced a copolymer of class (IV). FIG. 11 b shows the¹H NMR spectrum of the ambipolar copolymer of class (IV) prepared by thecopolymerization reaction of FIG. 11 a. See Example 4.

FIG. 12 shows the luminescence and external quantum efficiency versusvoltage performance of OLED devices having emissive layers comprisingthree ambipolar polymers of class (II) as a host material and aphosphorescent Iridium complex as a guest. See Example 5.

FIG. 13 compares the luminescence and external quantum efficiency versusvoltage performance of OLED devices having emissive layers comprising anambipolar polymer of class (II) as a host material with OLED deviceswith two alternative host materials comprising mixtures of hole andelectron carrying materials. See Example 5.

FIG. 14 shows compares the luminescence and external quantum efficiencyversus voltage performance of OLED devices having emissive layerscomprising one of the ambipolar polymers of class (II) described hereinas a host material with OLED devices employing two alternative hostmaterials that also comprise added hole or electron carrying materials.See Example 5.

FIG. 15 a shows the electroluminescence spectrum of an OLED devicecomprising an ambipolar copolymer of class (IV) as described in Example4. FIG. 15 b shows a CIE diagram of the emission from the OLED device ofFIG. 15 a that shows that the light emitted from the OLED is almostwhite. See Example 6.

FIG. 16 a shows the luminescence and external quantum efficiency versusvoltage performance of OLED devices having emissive layers comprising anambipolar copolymer of class (IV) as a host material and aphosphorescent platinum complex as a guest. See Example 6.

FIG. 17 a shows the current density versus voltage characteristics of anOLED device comprising an emissive layer comprising2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole as ahole and electron carrying host and Ir(ppy)3 as an emissive guest, asdescribed in Example 7. FIG. 17 b shows the luminescence and externalquantum efficiency versus voltage performance of the OLED device

FIG. 18 a shows the current density versus voltage characteristics of anOLED device comprising an emissive layer comprising2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole as ahole and electron carrying host and FIrpic as an emissive guest, and PVKas a hole-transmission layer, as described in Example 7a. FIG. 18 bshows the luminescence and external quantum efficiency versus voltageperformance of the OLED device.

FIG. 19 a shows the current density versus voltage characteristics of anOLED device comprising an emissive layer comprising2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole and6% FIrpic as an emissive guest, and TCZ as a hole-transmission layer, asdescribed in Example 7a. FIG. 19 b shows the luminescence and externalquantum efficiency versus voltage performance of the OLED device.

FIG. 20 shows a generic synthetic scheme for making a series of2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(substituted-phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazolesas reported in Example 7a.

FIG. 21 a shows the current density versus voltage characteristics of anOLED device comprising an emissive layer comprising24346-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-3,9′-bicarbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole,and 6% FIrpic as an emissive guest, and PVK as a hole-transmissionlayer, as described in Example 8. FIG. 21 b shows the luminescence andexternal quantum efficiency versus voltage performance of the OLEDdevice.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The various inventions and/or their embodiments disclosed herein relateto and include “ambipolar” polymers and copolymers that are bound and/orlinked to both hole carrying and electron carrying groups. Thoseambipolar polymers and/or copolymers are useful as host materials forluminescent guests, and are capable of carrying holes, electrons, andexcitons into contact with the guests. The combined host/guestcombinations comprising the polymers and/or copolymers described hereinare useful as materials for making the emissive layers of electronicdevices such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).

Ambipolar Small Molecules, Polymerizable Monomers, and/or Polymers orCopolymers

Some embodiments of the inventions described and/or claimed hereinrelate to “ambipolar” small molecules, polymerizable monomers, andpolymers and/or copolymers that have polymer subunits, each of whichhave at least one hole carrying group and at least one electrontransporting group bound and/or bonded into or linked thereto.

At least one and sometimes more hole carrying groups are chemicallyand/or covalently bound into the ambipolar small molecules,polymerizable monomers, and/or linked to the subunits of the polymer andcopolymer chains. Examples of suitable hole-carrying groups bound and/orlinked to the polymer subunits include but are not limited to variouslysubstituted carbazole groups having the basic ring structure shownbelow:

Examples of suitable electron transporting groups also bound into theambipolar small molecules and polymerizable monomers, and/or linked tothe polymer and/or copolymer backgrounds include but are not limited tovariously substituted 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadizole groups (shown below andtypically referred to herein as “oxadiazole” groups).

In many embodiments, the ambipolar small molecules, polymerizablemonomers, and/or polymers and/or copolymers of the invention comprise atleast one optionally substituted carbazole group and at least oneoptionally substituted 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadizole group.

Accordingly, in many embodiments, the inventions described and/orclaimed herein relate to ambipolar small molecules, polymerizablemonomers, and the polymers and copolymers derived therefrom, thatcomprise an electron transporting 1,5-diaryl 1,3,4-oxadizole group thatis bonded to a carbazole group and also linked to an aryl or heteroaryl“Ar” group, a polymerizable group, or a polymer or copolymer derivedtherefrom, as shown below:

wherein Ar is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, n isan integer representing the number of polymer subunits, L is a linkinggroup connecting the monomeric polymerizable group or polymer subunit(s)to the 2-phenyl ring of the oxadiazole group, and at least one of theR¹, R² and R³ groups is an optionally substituted carbazole group havingthe structure

wherein the various embodiments of the remaining R¹, R², R³, andoptional R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ groups are described below.

Such ambipolar small molecules, monomers and the polymers or copolymersderived therefrom can be unexpectedly effective as hole and/or electrontransport compounds and/or exciton forming and transporting compoundsand can be used to make highly efficient and stable OLED devices.Moreover, the ambipolar small molecules, monomers and/or polymers orcopolymers derived therefrom can have unexpectedly superior physicalproperties, such as high solubility and processability, and/or highresistance to crystallization and/or thermal degradation during OLEDoperation.

Ambipolar Small Molecules

In some embodiments, the inventions described and/or claimed hereininclude certain ambipolar “small molecules”, for example a compoundcomprising an optionally substituted aryl or hetereoaryl group bonded toa 1,3,4-oxadiazole group having one or more carbazole groups boundthereto, the compound having the formula:

wherein

-   -   a. Ar is a C₁-C₃₀ aryl or heteroaryl group optionally comprising        one to five substitutent groups;    -   b. at least one of the R¹, R² and R³ groups is an optionally        substituted carbazole group, and the remaining R¹, R² or R³        groups are independently selected from hydrogen, fluoride,        cyano, or an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxide, and        perfluoroalkoxide groups, and optionally one or more additional        optionally substituted carbazole groups;        -   wherein the optionally substituted carbazole groups can have            the

-   -   -   -   wherein R⁵ and R⁶ can be independently selected from                hydrogen, fluoride, cyano, and an organic group selected                from alkyls, perfluoroalkyls, alkoxides, and                perfluoroalkoxides.

The ambipolar small molecules shown above comprise an Ar group that canbe an aryl or heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one to fivesubstitutent groups. Any suitable optionally aryl or heteroaryl groupcan be employed, such as for example optionally substituted phenyl,biphenyl, napthyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, pyridyl, bipyridyl,thiophenyl, furanyl, or pyrollyl groups In many embodiments, theoptionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group can be a C₁-C₃₀, C₂-C₂₀,or C₅-C₂₀ group, including the optional substitutents. The optionalsubstituents can be independently selected from non-polymerizable groupssuch as hydrogen, hydroxyl, fluoride, cyano, or C₁-C₂₀ alkyl,perfluoroalkyl, alkoxide, or perfluoroalkoxide groups.

Some embodiments of the inventions relate to ambipolar small moleculeshaving the structure

wherein R⁷-R¹¹ are independently selected from hydrogen, fluoride cyano,and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxide, or perfluoroalkoxidegroup.

In many embodiments of the ambipolar small molecules described above (aswell as polymerizable monomers, polymers, and copolymers), at least oneof the R¹, R² and R³ groups is an optionally substituted carbazolegroup, and the remaining R¹, R² or R³ groups are independently selectedfrom hydrogen, fluoride, cyano, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl,alkoxide, or perfluoroalkoxide groups, and optionally one or moreadditional optionally substituted carbazole groups.

Both the first optionally substituted carbazole group, as well as anyadditional optionally substituted carbazole groups bound to the firstcarbazole group, can have the structure

wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, fluoride,cyano, and a C₁-C₆ organic group selected from alkyls, perfluoroalkyls,alkoxides, and perfluoroalkoxides. In some embodiments, one of the R¹,R² and R³ groups comprises an optionally substituted carbazole group,and the remaining R¹, R² or R³ groups are hydrogen. In other relatedembodiments, one of the R¹ and R² groups

and the remaining R¹, R² or R³ groups are hydrogen.

Examples of such “monocarbazole” compounds include compounds having thestructure

wherein R⁵, R⁶, and R¹² are independently selected from hydrogen,fluoride, hydroxide, cyano, and a C₁-C₆ organic group selected fromalkyls, perfluoroalkyls, alkoxides, and perfluoroalkoxides. Examples ofspecies compounds having these structures whose synthesis is describedin the examples include

In other embodiments, both the R¹ and R³ groups have the structure

and R² is hydrogen. Examples of such compounds include compounds havingthe structure

wherein R⁵, R^(5′), R⁵, R^(6′), and R¹² are independently selected fromhydrogen, fluoride, cyano, and a C₁-C₆ organic group selected fromalkyls, perfluoroalkyls, alkoxides, and perfluoroalkoxides. An exampleof a species compound whose synthesis is described in the examplesinclude

This small molecule compound has been used to form very high efficiencyemissive layers in several OLEDs, see Example 7 and FIGS. 17-19.

In yet additional related embodiments, one of the R¹, R² and R³ groupsis first optionally substituted carbazole group having “additional”optionally substituted carbazole group bound thereto, such as forexample the “tricarbazole groups having the structure

and the remaining R¹, R² or R³ groups are hydrogen. Examples of suchcompounds include compounds having the structures

wherein R⁵, R^(5′), R⁵, R^(6′), and R¹² are independently selected fromhydrogen, fluoride, cyano, and a C₁-C₆ organic group selected fromalkyls, perfluoroalkyls, alkoxides, and perfluoroalkoxides.

In many embodiments of the optionally substituted carbazole groups, R⁵,R^(5′), R⁶, and R^(6′) are hydrogen or t-butyl.

Many of the ambipolar small molecules described above are eithersublimable under high vacuum or readily soluble in common organicsolvents, and therefore can be readily processed to form compositionsuseful in organic electronic devices, especially when mixed and/orco-deposited with phosphors, to form the emission layers of organiclight emitting diodes.

Furthermore, many of the ambipolar small molecules described above,especially those with hydroxyl or methoxy substituent groups on their Arrings, can be used as synthetic precursors of ambipolar monomers,polymers, or copolymers described below. It should be understood thatany of the disclosures above with respect to the oxadiazole groups,carbazole groups, or their R¹-R¹¹ substituents are intended to alsoapply with respect to the teachings below regarding ambipolar monomers,polymers, or copolymers.

Ambipolar Polymers of Classes (I), (II), and (III)

Many embodiments of the inventions described and/or claimed hereinrelate to “ambipolar” polymerizable monomers, and polymers and/orcopolymers linked to ambipolar groups comprising both oxadiazole andcarbazole groups.

Many types of polymer and/or copolymer subunits can be bound toambipolar groups having structures equivalent to those of the ambipolarsmall molecules described above. For example, polymer backbonescomprising subunits derived from styrenes, acrylate esters, methacrylateesters, norbornenes, and the like can be employed, so long as thepolymerized chains are resistant to both oxidation by holes, andreduction by electrons present during the operation of electronicdevices such as OLEDs. To provide illustrative and non-limitingexamples, the “ambipolar polymers and/or copolymers typically have atleast one subunit having the structure shown below:

wherein Ar is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, n is apositive integer representing the number of polymer subunits, L is alinking group connecting the monomeric polymerizable group or polymersubunit(s) to the 2-phenyl ring of the oxadiazole group, and at leastone of the R¹, R² and R³ groups is an optionally substituted carbazolegroup having the structure

wherein the various embodiments of the remaining R¹, R², R³, andoptional R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ groups are described below.

Such polymers and copolymers can comprise at least one polymerizedstyrenyl, acryl or methacryl, or norbornenyl subunit having the formulas(I), (II), or (III) illustrated below:

wherein n is an integer representing the number of polymer subunits, Lis a linking group connecting the styrenyl, acryl or methacryl, ornorbornenyl subunit(s) to the 2-phenyl ring of the oxadiazole group, andat least one of the R¹, R² and R³ groups is an optionally substitutedcarbazole group having the structure

wherein the identities of the remaining R¹, R², R³, and optional R⁴, R⁵,and R⁶ groups are described above and below, and R⁷ is hydrogen(acrylate groups) or methyl (methacrylate) groups.

For example, styrenyl compounds of formula (I) having only one carbazolegroup can have one of the isomeric structures shown below:

The remaining R¹, R² or R³ groups of the compounds of formulas (I) (II),or (III) can be independently selected from hydrogen and various othersubstituents as further described above and below, including anadditional and optionally substituted carbazole group. If an additionaloptionally substituted carbazole group is present, such a polymericstyrenyl derivative could have subunits having the exemplary structuressuch as those shown below:

Analogous polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, and/or polynorbornenylpolymers can have at least one subunit having the structures:

The polymers or copolymers having one or more subunits having formulas(I), (II), or (III) can have a widely varying number of total subunits,as defined by the index n, which can be any integer between 1 and 1000.In some embodiments, n is an integer between 5 and 500, or between about20 and 5000. Copolymers having one or more subunits having formulas (I),(II), or (III) can be either random or block copolymers, and thedrawings herein and/or “n” indices should not be interpreted asindicating whether the copolymers are random or block unless clearlyindicted to the contrary.

The “L” groups of polymer subunits of formulas (I), (II), or (III) linkthe subunits of the polymer or copolymer backbone to the 2-phenyl ringsof the oxadiazole groups. L can be any chemical group that covalentlyand stably links the polymer or copolymer backbone to the 2-phenyl ringsof the oxadiazole groups, such as inorganic atoms or groups such anoxygen or sulfur atom, a sulfate, sulfone, or sulfoxy group, etc, but inmany embodiments L is C₁-C₂₀ organic group, or preferably a C₁-C₄ orC₁-C₁₀ organic group which may optionally comprise heteroatoms such ashalogens (especially fluoride), O, N, or S. Preferably the L linkinggroup is effectively resistant to oxidation by holes or reduction byelectrons under the operating conditions of OLED devices. Examples of Lgroups are alkylene or alkyleneoxy groups, such as for example wherein Lhas the structure:

wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20, or from 1 to 12, or from 1 to 4.In some embodiments, L is a methyleneoxy group having the structure:

Further examples of L groups include alkylene ester groups as thoseillustrated below:

wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20, or from 1 to 12, or from 1 to 4.

The identities of the optional R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and/or R⁶ substituentgroups for the compounds of formulas (I) and (II) can vary widely, andcan include inorganic substituent groups such as hydrogen or halogen(especially fluorine), or C₁-C₂₀ organic groups, C₁-C₁₂ organic groups,or C₁-C₆ organic groups. Examples of preferred organic groups includealkyl, cyano, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxide, or perfluoroalkoxide groups

The various embodiments of the R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and/or R⁷ groupsof the polymers and copolymers can be the same as any of the variety ofembodiments of those substituents described above in connection with theambipolar small molecules. The identities of the R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, andR⁶, substituent groups can also be rationally varied so as to “tune” thephysical and electronic properties of the polymers and/or copolymers tohelp optimize the efficient transfer of holes, electrons, and/or holesto a luminescent host in the emission layer of an OLED device, and/orprovide for improved physical properties and/or lost cost solutionprocessing, and/or application of the polymers during OLED construction,and/or minimize undesirable crystallization, phase separation, and/orthermal decomposition during device operation.

The R⁷ substituent of the backbones of the polymers and/or copolymers offormula (II) can be any of the substituents disclosed above, but in manyembodiments are either hydrogen (polymers or copolymers derived fromacrylate esters) or CH₃ (polymers or copolymers derived frommethacrylate esters).

In some embodiments, the invention relates to styrene-based polymers orcopolymers having at least one subunit having the structure

In other embodiments, the invention relates to polyacrylate orpolymethacrylate-based polymers or copolymers having at least onesubunit having the structure

In other embodiments, the invention relates to polynorbornenyl polymersor copolymers having at least one subunit having the structure

Ambipolar Copolymers of Class (IV)

In additional embodiments of the inventions described herein, ambipolarcopolymers of a different class (IV) contain hole carrying groups suchas carbazoles and electron carrying groups such as oxadiazole groupslinked to different copolymer subunits within the copolymer chains.Copolymers of class (IV) can also contain additional and optionalpolymerized subunits derived from a wide variety of additionalpolymerizable monomers, including various optionally substituted vinyl,styrenyl, acryl, methacryl, and/or norbornenyl monomers that can belinked to luminescent groups, such as luminescent metal complexes. Insuch embodiments, the ambipolar Copolymers of class (IV) describedherein can comprise

-   -   a. at least one first norbornenyl subunit linked to at least one        optionally substituted carbazole group; and    -   b. at least one second norbornenyl subunit linked to an        optionally substituted 2-phenyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole group;        and    -   c. optionally one or more additional polymer subunits.

For example, in some embodiments, ambipolar norbornenyl copolymers ofclass IVa shown immediately below have at least some subunits havingeach of the structures shown below:

wherein

-   -   a. L¹ and L² are independently selected C₁-C₂₀ organic linking        groups,    -   b. R^(c) comprises at least one optionally substituted carbazole        group, and    -   c. R^(ox) comprises at least one optionally substituted        2-phenyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole group.

Possible structures for the L¹ and L² groups, and possible substituentsoptionally substituted carbazole groups and optionally substituted2-phenyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole groups can be the same as describedabove for the similar substituent groups of compound classes (I), (II),and (III). Some examples of the synthesis of suitable carbazole oroxadiazole monomers for making the copolymers of class (IVa) areprovided below, and additional examples were disclosed in PCTApplication Serial Nos. PCT/EP/2008 068119 filed 19 Dec. 2008 claimingthe priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/015,777 filed21 Dec. 2007, and PCT Application Serial No. PCT/EP/2008 068124 filed 19Dec. 2008 claiming the priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.61/015,641 filed 20 Dec. 2007, both of which are hereby incorporated byreference.

For example, the R^(c) carbazole groups can have exemplary structuressuch as those shown below:

-   -   wherein R¹ is selected from hydrogen, fluoride, and a C₁-C₆        organic group selected from alkyls, cyano, perfluoroalkyls,        alkoxides, and perfluoroalkoxides.

Similarly, the R^(ox) carbazole groups can have exemplary structuressuch as those shown below:

-   -   wherein Y is an aryl group, including a phenyl group, and each        optional R^(a) or R^(b) group is independently selected from        hydrogen, fluoride, or one or more C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, cyano,        perfluoroalkyl, alkoxy, or perfluoroalkoxy groups, and each x is        an independently selected integer 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

Specific examples of such ambipolar copolymers can include at least somesubunits having the structures shown below

-   -   wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20.

As disclosed above, copolymers of class IV can also comprise one or moreadditional polymer subunits as desired. In some such embodiments, theadditional monomers can comprise linkages to luminescent groups, such assuitable organic phosphors or phosphorescent metal complexes. Adisclosure of suitable norbornenes linked to phosphorescent Iridiumcomplexes can be found in PCT publication WO 2009/026235 published Feb.26, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference for its disclosuresof such norbornene-linked phosphorescent Iridium and similar metalcomplexes.

Polymerizable Ambipolar Monomers

In some aspects, the inventions described herein relate to ambipolarmonomers that comprise a polymerizable group linked to both holecarrying and electron carrying groups. For example, in some embodiments,the inventions relate to a monomer comprising a polymerizable grouplinked to a 2-phenyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole group having one or morecarbazole groups bound thereto, the monomer having the formula:

wherein

-   -   a. L is a C₁-C₂₀ organic group linking the polymerizable group        to the 2-phenyl ring of the oxadiazole group;    -   b. at least one of the R¹, R² and R³ groups is an optionally        substituted carbazole group, and the remaining R¹, R² or R³        groups are independently selected from hydrogen, fluoride, a        C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxide, or        perfluoroalkoxide groups, and optionally one or more additional        optionally substituted carbazole groups; wherein the optionally        substituted carbazole groups have the structure

-   -   -   wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen,            fluoride, and a C₁-C₆ organic group selected from alkyls,            cyano, perfluoroalkyls, alkoxides, and perfluoroalkoxides;

    -   c. R⁴ is selected from hydrogen, fluoride, and a C₁-C₆ alkyl,        perfluoroalkyl, alkoxide, or perfluoroalkoxide group.

Such monomers and the homopolymers and copolymers derived from them areuseful as host materials for the manufacture of emission layers of OLEDdevices, and are capable of transporting holes, electrons, and/orexcitons into contact with guest luminescent materials, so as to exciteand/or induce luminescence from such guest luminescent materials.

Thus, in some embodiments, the inventions disclosed herein includesubstituted styrene monomers (Ia), substituted acrylate or methacrylatemonomers (IIa), or the substituted norbornene monomers (IIIa) whosestructures are shown below:

wherein one or two of the R¹, R² and R³ groups is an optionallysubstituted carbazole group having the structure

and wherein the index n and the L, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and/or R⁷groups of one or all of compounds of formula (Ia), (IIa), or (IIIa) canhave any of the meanings described above in connection with thecorresponding ambipolar small molecules described above, or polymer, orcopolymer subunits (I), (II), or (III).

Specific examples of polymerizable ambipolar monomeric styrene compoundsof formula (Ia) include compounds having the structures:

wherein x is an integer between 1 and 20, or 1 and 10.

Specific examples of related polymerizable ambipolar monomeric acrylateor methacrylate compounds of formula (IIa) include compounds having thestructures:

wherein R⁷ can be hydrogen or CH₃.

Specific examples of polymerizable ambipolar monomeric norbornenecompounds of formula (IIa) include compounds having the structures:

Generic schemes for the synthesis of the carbazole/oxadiazole precursorsof the phenolic ambipolar monomers above are diagramed in FIGS. 3-8attached herewith, and specific examples of such syntheses are providedbelow. Such “ambipolar” precursor compounds are novel, and if thephenolic group is appropriately modified to increase its resistance tooxidation or reduction (by the attachment of appropriate “protectinggroups” such as alkyls, aryls, acyls, etc, the resulting intermediatecompound can be transformed to be useful as small molecule hostmaterials for the production of OLEDs. Such materials can have theunexpected property of providing a single host material that is capableof transporting holes, electrons, and/or excitons into contact withother guest materials, such as luminescent guest materials.

Furthermore, the phenolic carbazole/oxadiazole precursor compoundsdisclosed in FIGS. 3-5 can be chemically linked to various polymerizablemonomeric groups such as styrenes, acrylates, methacrylates, andnorbornenes, as is disclosed in FIGS. 6-8, and specifically exemplifiedbelow.

Homopolymerization of Monomers (Ia), (IIa), and (IIIa)

Homopolymerization of nine examples of monomers (Ia), (IIa), and (IIIa)were carried out as disclosed in FIGS. 9-11 and exemplified in Example3. Six homopolymers were prepared by free radical polymerization basedon styrene (FIG. 9 a) and methacrylate (FIG. 9 b) polymerizableambipolar monomers using AIBN as thermal free radical initiator.Initiator concentrations used for methacrylate is 1.5% (mol ratio) andfor styrene is 2.5% in mol ratio. For methacrylate polymerization, highyields (over 90%) could be obtained after 3 day polymerization at 60° C.For styrene polymerization, low yield (46%) was obtained after 3 daypolymerization at 60° C. However, polymers were obtained in good yield(over 80%) after 7 day polymerization. All the resulting polymers werepurified by multiple dissolution/precipitation. CH₂Cl₂/ethanol was usedfor polymethacrylate and polynorbornene purification and CH₂Cl₂/acetonewas used for polystyrene purification. All polymers were characterizedby ¹H-NMR, EA and GPC.

Three homopolymers were prepared by ROMP polymerization of threemonomers of formula (IIIa) using Grubbs catalyst 1^(st) generation as acatalyst in 1% mol ratio. (See Example 4 and FIG. 10)

It is well known in the art that cyclic olefins, including norbornenes,can be polymerized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), aliving polymerization method resulting in polymers with controlledmolecular weights, low polydispersities, and which also allows for theeasy formation of either random or block co-polymers. See, for example,Fürstner, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3013; T. M. Trnka, T. M.;Grubbs, R. H. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 18; Olefin Metathesis andMetathesis Polymerization, 2nd Ed.; Ivin, J., Mol, I. C., Eds.;Academic: New York, 1996; and Handbook of Metathesis, Vol. 3—Applicationin Polymer Synthesis; Grubbs, R. H., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2003,each of which is respectively incorporated herein by reference for theirteachings regarding methods and catalysts for ROMP polymerizations.Catalysts (also termed initiators) commonly used by those skilled in theart include Grubb's ruthenium catalysts (below).

Ruthenium-based ROMP initiators are highly functional-group tolerant,allowing for the polymerization of norbornene monomers linked tofluorescent and phosphorescent metal complexes. ROMP polymerizations canalso be carried out with molybdenum or tungsten catalysts such as thosedescribed by Schrock (Olefin Metathesis and Metathesis Polymerization,2nd Ed.; Ivin, J., Mol, I. C., Eds.; Academic: New York which isrespectively incorporated herein by reference for its teachingsregarding molybdenum or tungsten catalysts for ROMP polymerizations).

Copolymerizations of Carbazole and Oxadiazole Monomers to YieldAmbipolar Copolymers of Formula (IV)

Accordingly, in some embodiments the inventions relate to a process forpreparing norbornenyl copolymers of class (IV) comprising the steps of

-   -   a. mixing        -   i. at least one first norbornene monomer comprising a            norbornene group linked to a carbazole group; and        -   ii. at least one second norbornene monomer comprising a            norbornene group linked to an optionally substituted            2-phenyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole group; and        -   iii. optionally one or more additional optionally            substituted norbornene monomers; and    -   b. polymerizing the mixture of norbornene monomers in the        presence of a ROMP catalyst, to produce the copolymer.

A norbornenyl monomer linked to a trimeric carbazole group wascopolymerized with the norbornenyl monomer linked to an oxadiazolemonomer via ring opening metathesis as described in Example 4 below, toform a copolymer of class (IV). The copolymer was synthesized using a1:1 molar ratio of the monomers. No steps were taken to control thepolymer morphology therefore the copolymer was likely random although noinformation about the reactivity ratios of the monomers was availablethat would have lead to an expectation of the formation of a copolymerwith a morphology other than random. The copolymer was purified bymultiple re-precipitations using methanol to obtain. 0.261 g (53.4%isolated yield)) of a light cream colored powder. The ¹H NMR of thesoluble powder in CDCl₃ (See FIG. 11) is consistent with the formationof a copolymer of the starting monomers. The copolymer was alsosuccessfully characterized by gel permeation chromatography andelemental analysis.

It should also be noted that such copolymerizations can also be carriedout the presence of other norbornenyl co-monomers linked to otherfunctional groups, such as cinnamate groups that can used to inducephotocrosslinking of the polymers, or phosphorescent “guest” groups suchas 3d row transition metal complexes.

Organic Electronic Devices Comprising the Ambipolar Polymers andCopolymers

Some aspects of the present inventions relate to novel organicelectronic devices, including light emitting diodes and OLED devicesthat comprise the various ambipolar compounds, homopolymers, copolymersdescribed above. As further described below, the various ambipolarcompounds, homopolymers, copolymers are readily soluble in commonorganic solvents and can be mixed with compounds that can serve as guestphosphorescent emitters, and the mixture solution processed and/or spincoated onto appropriate substrates to form the emission layer of an OLEDdevice.

In some embodiments, light emitting diodes and/or OLED devices comprisean anode layer, a hole transporting layer, an emission layer, anelectron transporting layer, and a cathode layer. Such devices areillustrated in the diagram below:

Accordingly, in many embodiments of the OLED devices disclosed herein,the OLEDs comprise the following layers:

-   -   a. an anode layer,    -   b. a hole transporting layer,    -   c. an emissive layer,    -   d. an electron transporting layer, and    -   e. a cathode layer.

In many embodiments of the OLED devices disclosed herein, the emissivelayer comprises at least some of the compound.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is an example of a suitable material for theanode layers, and is often applied by vacuum deposition in a layer overan inert and transparent substrate such as glass.

Many materials are potentially useful as hole transporting layers,including monomeric or polymeric carbazole compounds such as polyvinylcarbazole (PVK). Poly-TPD-F (structure shown below, see Zhang, et al.,Synthesis 2002, 1201 and Domercq, et al., Chem. Mater. 2003, 15, 1491,both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) isespecially useful because it is photo cross-linkable and can be used toproduce photo-patterned hole transporting layers.

Many materials are suitable as electron transporting and/or holeblocking materials, such as bathocuproine(BCP=2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, BCP, or structureshown below) which can be readily applied to the devices viavacuum/thermal deposition techniques.

Many materials can be suitable as cathode layers, one example being acombination of lithium fluoride (LiF) as an electron injecting materialcoated with a vacuum deposited layer of Aluminum.

As already previously noted above, the ambipolar polymers or copolymersof the current inventions can transport both holes and electrons, andtherefore function as an efficient host for phosphorescent guests, suchas well known Iridium complexes such as Ir(ppy) (ppy=2-phenylpyridine)and Platinum complexes exemplified below.

It is also worth noting that the ambipolar polymers or copolymers of thecurrent inventions can transport both holes and electrons, and thereforecan also potentially be used as a substitute for the hole transportingmaterial in the hole transporting layer, or the electron transportingmaterial of the electron transporting layer. When the emission layer ofthe device comprises the ambipolar polymers or copolymers of the currentinventions, it is also possible to simply omit the hole or electrontransporting layers.

Electroluminescent Properties of the OLED Devices

A number of exemplary OLED devices comprising the ambipolar polymers orcopolymers of the current inventions as guests for Platinum and Iridiumcomplexes as phosphorescent guests are described in the Examples below,which describe the particular photoluminescence properties measured forthose exemplary devices. See Examples 5 and 6, and FIGS. 12-16. In mostexamples, same device structure was fabricated from different hostpolymers (as shown in FIG. 5).

EXAMPLES

The various inventions described above are further illustrated by thefollowing specific examples, which are not intended to be construed inany way as imposing limitations upon the scope of the inventiondisclosures or claims attached herewith. On the contrary, it is to beclearly understood that resort may be had to various other embodiments,modifications, and equivalents thereof which, after reading thedescription herein, may suggest themselves to one of ordinary skill inthe art without departing from the spirit of the present invention orthe scope of the appended claims.

General—All experiments with air- and moisture-sensitive intermediatesand compounds were carried out under an inert atmosphere using standardSchlenk techniques. NMR spectra were recorded on either a 400 MHz VarianMercury spectrometer or a 400 MHz Bruker AMX 400 and referenced toresidual proton solvent. UV-vis absorption spectra were recorded on aVarian Cary 5E UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer, while solution andthin-film PL spectra were recorded on a Fluorolog III ISAspectrofluorometer. Lifetime measurements were taken using a PTI modelC-72 fluorescence laser spectrophotometer with a PTI GL-3300 nitrogenlaser. Cyclic voltammograms were obtained on a computer controlled BAS100B electrochemical analyzer, and measurements were carried out under anitrogen flow in deoxygenated DMF solutions of tetra-n-butylammoniumhexafluorophosphate (0.1 M). Glassy carbon was used as the workingelectrode, a Pt wire as the counter electrode, and an Ag wire anodizedwith AgCl as the pseudo-reference electrode. Potentials were referencedto the ferrocenium/ferrocene (FeCp₂ ^(+/0))) couple by using ferroceneas an internal standard. Gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) analyseswere carried out using a Waters 1525 binary pump coupled to a Waters2414 refractive index detector with methylene chloride as an eluent onAmerican Polymer Standards 10 μm particle size, linear mixed bed packingcolumns. The flow rate used for all measurements was 1 ml/min, and theGPCs were calibrated using poly(styrene) standards. Differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC) data were collected using a Seiko model DSC220C. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) data were collected using aSeiko model TG/DTA 320. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) for platinum and ruthenium was provided by Bodycote TestingGroup. ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectra (300 MHz ¹H NMR, 75 MHz ¹³C NMR) wereobtained using a Varian Mercury Vx 300 spectrometer. All spectra arereferenced to residual proton solvent. Abbreviations used includesinglet (s), doublet (d), doublet of doublets (dd), triplet (t), tripletof doublets (td) and unresolved multiplet (m). Mass spectral analyseswere provided by the Georgia Tech Mass Spectrometry Facility. The onsetof thermal degradation for the polymers was measured by thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA) using a Shimadzu TGA-50. UV/vis absorptionmeasurements were taken on a Shimadzu UV-2401 PC recordingspectrophotometer. Emission measurements were acquired using a ShimadzuRF-5301 PC spectrofluorophotometer. Lifetime measurements were takenusing a PTI model C-72 fluorescence laser spectrophotometer with a PTIGL-3300 nitrogen laser. Elemental analyses for C, H, and N wereperformed using Perkin Elmer Series II CHNS/O Analyzer 2400. Elementalanalyses for iridium were provided by Galbraith Laboratories.

Unless otherwise noted, cited reagents and solvents were purchased fromwell-known commercial sources (such as Sigma-Aldrich of Milwaukee Wis.or Acros Organics of Geel Belgium, and were used as received withoutfurther purification.

Example 1 Synthesis of Precursors of Ambipolar Monomers (See FIGS. 3-5)Synthesis of 4-Iodobenzohydrazide

To Methyl 4-iodobenzoate (30.0 g, 114 mmol) in ethanol (180.0 ml) wasadded hydrazine hydrate (30.0 g, 599 mmol). The reaction mixture wasreflux for 22.5 hours. Heating was stopped and then water (300.0 ml) wasadded. After cooling down to room temperature, white solid was appeared.The white product solid was collected by filtration. The product waswashed with water and dried under vacuum. Final white pure product wasobtained in 26.0 g (86.7%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, δ): 9.84 (s, 1H,NH), 7.82 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.50 (s, 2H, NH₂).

Synthesis of N′-(4-iodobenzoyl)-3-methoxy benzohydrazide

To a solution of 4-Iodobenzohydrazide (5.0 g, 19.1 mmol) in dry THF(80.0 ml) was slowly added 3-methoxybenzoyl chloride (3.5 g, 20.5 mmol)at 0° C. under nitrogen. During addition of 3-methoxybenzoyl chloridethe white solid was appeared. After addition of 3-methoxybenzoylchloride, the reaction was warmed up to room temperature. The reactionmixture was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature and then pyridine(5.0 ml) was added and stirred for additional 2 h. Water (300.0 ml) wasadded to reaction mixture. The white solid was obtained and collected byfiltration. After dried under vacuum, product was obtained as whitepowder in 7.2 g (94.7%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, δ): 10.60 (s, 1H,NH), 10.52 (s, 1H, NH), 7.91 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),7.50 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.15 (dd, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H, OCH₃).

Synthesis of 2-(4-Iodophenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

N′-(4-iodobenzoyl)-3-methoxybenzohydrazide (7.0 g, 17.67 mmol) wassuspended in POCl₃ (40.0 ml) and heating was started. The reaction waskept at 100° C. During heating white solid of starting materialsdissolved into a clear solution and the reaction was monitor by thinlayer chromatography. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was brought toroom temperature and was carefully dropped into ice-water (500.0 ml).White solid precipitated out was collected by filtration and washed withwater. After dry, the crude product was purified by silica gel columnchromatography eluting with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate in 25:1ratio. After evaporating solvent the white solid was recrystallized fromacetone/water and finally dried under vacuum. Pure product was obtainedas white solid in 5.8 g (86.8%) yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 7.86(d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (dt, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=1.2Hz, 1H), 7.63 (m, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (m, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H,OCH₃). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 164.66, 164.00, 159.92, 138.32,130.23, 128.21, 124.73, 123.26, 119.29, 118.26, 111.56, 98.60, 55.52.

Synthesis of2-(4-Carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

To a solution of 2-(4-iodophenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(3.0 g, 7.93 mmol), carbazole (1.5 g, 8.97 mmol), Cu (2.0 g, 31.47 mmol)in DMF (20.0 ml) was added potassium carbonate (4.0 g, 28.94 mmol) undernitrogen and stirring. Heating was started. The reaction was carried outat 150° C. for 4 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtrated.The solid residues were carefully washed with THF. THF was evaporatedfrom the combined filtration solution. Water (200.0 ml) was added, theyellow solid product was obtained by filtration. The crude product waspurified by silica gel column chromatography using dichloromethane/ethylacetate (9.5:0.5) as eluent. After evaporating solvent, the white solidwas recrystallized from acetone/water and finally dried under vacuum.Pure product was obtained as white solid in 3.2 g (96.7%) yield. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.38 (m, 2H), 8.16 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2 Hz), 7.81-7.72(m, 4H), 7.52-7.43 (m, 5H), 7.33 (m, 2H), 7.12 (m, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 164.72, 164.02, 159.99, 140.90, 140.21, 130.28, 128.58,127.21, 126.21, 124.88, 123.76, 122.40, 120.57, 120.48, 119.33, 118.29,111.61, 109.68, 94.23, 55.55. [M]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₁₉N₃O₂, 417.2, found417.1.

Synthesis of 3-(5-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol

To a solution of2-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (1.0 g,2.40 mmol) in dichloromethane (10.0 ml) was dropwise added BBr₃ (10.0ml, 1 M in dichloromethane) at −78° C. (dry-ice/acetone) under nitrogen.After addition of BBr₃ solution, the reaction was taken to roomtemperature and kept at room temperature for 5 h. The reaction mixturewas poured into ice-water (50.0 ml). Dichloromethane was evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The white solid was collected by filtration.After drying under vacuum, product as white solid was obtained in 0.97 g(100%) yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d₆, δ): 8.91 (s, 1H, OH), 8.48(m, 2H), 8.24 (dt, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (m, 2H), 7.71 (t,J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (t,J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (m, 3H), 7.32 (m, 2H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H,OCH₃). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, acetone-d₆, δ): 165.43, 164.72, 158.87, 141.48,141.12, 131.44, 129.41, 128.23, 127.17, 126.04, 124.56, 123.65, 121.43,121.26, 119.88, 118.89, 114.18, 110.62. MS-EI (m/z): [M]⁺ calcd forC₂₆H₁₇N₃O₂, 403.1, found 403.1.

Synthesis of Methyl 3-iodobenzoate

To a solution of 3-iodobenzoic acid (50.0 g, 0.202 mol) in methanol(300.0 ml) was added H₂SO₄ (1.0 ml). The reaction mixture was heated toreflux. After reflux 24 h, heating was stopped. The reaction mixture wascooled to room temperature. Water (400.0 ml) was added, the product wasextracted with ethyl acetate (2×300.0 ml). The organic layer was washedwith 20% of NaHCO₃ water solution and followed with water. After removalof ethyl acetate, the crude product was purified by recrystallizationfrom ethanol/water. Final white pure product was obtained in 51.0 g(96.5%) after dry under vacuum. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.35 (t,J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (dt, J₁=8.4 Hz, J₂=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (dt, J1=8.4 Hz,J2=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H, OCH₃). ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 165.56, 141.70, 138.42, 131.93, 130.03, 128.70, 93.76,52.38.

Synthesis of 3-Iodobenzohydrazide

To Methyl 3-iodobenzoate (25.0 g, 95.41 mmol) in ethanol (120.0 ml) wasadded hydrazine hydrate (50.0 ml). The reaction mixture was reflux for18 hours. Heating was stopped and then water (300.0 ml) was added. Aftercooling down to room temperature, white solid was appeared. The whiteproduct solid was collected by filtration. The product was washed withwater and dried under vacuum. Final white pure product was obtained in23.0 g (92.0%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, δ): 9.85 (s, br, 1H, NH), 8.14(t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (m, 1 H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),4.50 (s, 2H, NH₂). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 168.54, 155.38, 129.54,126.72, 125.57, 34.90, 31.07.

Synthesis of 3-Iodo-N′-(3-methoxybenzoyl)benzohydrazide

To a solution of 3-iodobenzohydrazide (10.0 g, 38.16 mmol) in dryTHF/DMF (100.0 ml:10.0 ml) was slowly added 3-methoxybenzoyl chloride(7.0 g, 42.03 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen. During addition of3-methoxybenzoyl chloride, white solid was appeared. After addition of3-methoxybenzoyl chloride, the reaction was allowed to warm up to roomtemperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 19 hours at roomtemperature and then pyridine (20.0 ml) was added and stirred foradditional 45 min. Water (300.0 ml) was added to reaction mixture. Thewhite solid was obtained and collected by filtration and washed withwater. After dried under vacuum, product was obtained as white powder in12.4 g (82.0%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, δ): 10.62 (s, 1H, NH), 10.56(s, 1H, NH), 8.25 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), (dd, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=2.4 Hz, 1H),3.81 (s, 3H, OCH₃).

Synthesis of 2-(3-Iodophenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

3-Iodo-N′-(3-methoxybenzoyl)benzohydrazide (11.0 g, 27.77 mmol) wassuspended in POCl₃ (60.0 ml) and heating was started. During heatingwhite solid of starting materials dissolved into a clear solution. Thereaction was kept at 100° C. and the reaction was monitor by thin layerchromatography. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was brought to roomtemperature and was carefully dropped into ice-water (1000.0 ml). Whitesolid precipitated out was collected by filtration and washed withwater. After dried, the crude product was purified by silica gel columnchromatography eluting with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate in 9.5:0.5ratio. After evaporating solvent the white solid was recrystallized fromacetone/water and finally dried under vacuum. Pure product was obtainedas white solid in 6.4 g (61.0%) yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.47(t, J=1.6 Hz, 2 H), 8.12 (dt, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (m, 1H),7.70 (dt, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (m, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.28 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (m, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H, OCH₃). ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 164.79, 163.07, 159.94, 140.58, 135.46, 130.68,130.26, 126.03, 125.68, 124.69, 119.36, 118.36, 111.59, 94.39, 55.56.

Synthesis of2-(3-Carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

To a solution of 2-(3-iodophenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(3.0 g, 7.93 mmol), carbazole (1.5 g, 8.97 mmol), Cu (2.0 g, 31.47 mmol)in DMF (20.0 ml) was added potassium carbonate (4.0 g, 28.94 mmol) undernitrogen and stirring. Heating was started. The reaction was carried outat 150° C. for 5 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtrated.The solid residues were carefully washed with THF. THF was evaporatedfrom the combined filtration solution. Water (150.0 ml) was added, thebrown solid product was obtained by filtration. The crude product waspurified by silica gel column chromatography using dichloromethane/ethylacetate (9.5:0.5) as eluent. After evaporating solvent, the white solidwas recrystallized from acetone/methanol and finally dried under vacuum.Pure product was obtained as white solid in 3.15 g (95.4%) yield. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.34 (m, 1H), 8.27 (m, 1 Hz), 8.18 (m, 2H), 7.78(m, 2H), 7.71-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.41 (m, 5H), 7.36-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.09(m, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H, OCH₃). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 164.85,163.84, 159.96, 140.60, 138.70, 130.85, 130.32, 130.25, 126.19, 125.84,125.40, 124.72, 123.55, 120.45, 120.37, 119.39, 118.44, 111.52, 109.55,55.55. [M]⁺ calcd for C₃₉H₂₆N₄O₂, 417.2, found 417.1.

Synthesis of 3-(5-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol

To a solution of2-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (3.0 g,7.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (20.0 ml) was dropwise added BBr₃ (30.0 ml,1 M in dichloromethane) at −78° C. (dry-ice/acetone) under nitrogen.After addition of BBr₃ solution, the reaction was taken to roomtemperature and kept at room temperature for 6 h. The reaction mixturewas poured into ice-water (100.0 ml). Dichloromethane was evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The white solid was collected by filtration.After drying under vacuum, product as white solid was obtained in 2.9 g(100%) yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d₆, δ): 8.89 (s, br, 1H, OH),8.41 (m, 1H), 8.34 (m, 1H), 8.26 (m, 2H), 7.92 (m, 2H), 7.66 (m, 2H),7.53-7.41 (m, 5H), 7.33 (m, 2H), 7.10 (m, 1H). MS-EI (m/z): [M]⁺ calcdfor C₂₆H₁₇N₃O₂, 403.1, found 403.1.

Synthesis of 3,5-Diiodobenzohydrazide

To Methyl 3,5-diiodobenzoate (5.0 g, 12.89 mmol) in ethanol (70.0 ml)was added hydrazine hydrate (20.0 ml) under stirring. During heating,white solid was appeared. The reaction was kept 50° C. for 1 h. Heatingwas stopped and then water (100.0 ml) was added. After cooling down toroom temperature, the white product solid was collected by filtration.The product was washed with water and dried under vacuum. Final whiteproduct was obtained in 4.6 g (92.0%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, δ):9.92 (s, 1H, NH), 8.22 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 4.53(s, 2H, NH₂).

3,5-diiodo-N′-(3-methoxybenzoyl)benzohydrazide

To a solution of 3,5-Diiodobenzohydrazide (4.5 g, 11.60 mmol) in dryTHF/DMF (100.0 ml:24.0 ml) was slowly added 3-methoxybenzoyl chloride(2.2 g, 12.90 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen. After addition of3-methoxybenzoyl chloride, the reaction was warmed up to roomtemperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 19 hours at roomtemperature and then pyridine (5.0 ml) was added and stirred foradditional 1 h. Water (300.0 ml) was added to reaction mixture. Thewhite solid was obtained and collected by filtration. After dried undervacuum, product was obtained as white powder in 5.05 g (83.3%). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, δ): 10.72 (s, 1H, NH), 10.62 (s, br, 1H, NH), 8.33(t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.50-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.15 (m,1H), 3.81 (s, 3H, OCH₃).

Synthesis of 2-(3,5-Diiodophenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

3,5-Diiodo-N′-(3-methoxybenzoyl)benzohydrazide (5.0 g, 9.58 mmol) wassuspended in POCl₃ (50.0 ml) and heating was started. During heatingwhite solid of starting materials dissolved into a clear solution (130°C.). The reaction was kept at 100° C. and the reaction was monitor bythin layer chromatography. After 5 h, the reaction mixture was broughtto room temperature and was carefully dropped into ice-water (1000.0ml). White solid precipitated out was collected by filtration and washedwith water. After dried, the crude product was purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography eluting with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate in9.5:0.5 ratio. After evaporating solvent the white solid wasrecrystallized from acetone/water and finally dried under vacuum. Pureproduct was obtained as white solid in 3.4 g (70.8%) yield. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.43 (dd, J₁=1.6 Hz, J₂=0.8 Hz, 2H), 8.23 (t, J=1.6 Hz,1H), 7.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (m, 1H), 7.46 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.12(dd, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H, OCH₃). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl₃, δ): 165.06, 161.67, 159.98, 148.05, 134.63, 130.31, 126.95,124.44, 119.44, 118.56, 111.66, 94.98, 55.59.

Synthesis of2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

To a solution of2-(3,5-diiodophenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (1.0 g, 1.98mmol), carbazole (1.0 g, 5.98 mmol), Cu (4.0 g, 62.95 mmol) in DMF (20.0ml) was added potassium carbonate (6.0 g, 43.41 mmol) under nitrogen andstirring. Heating was started. The reaction was carried out at 150° C.for 5 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtrated. The solidresidues were carefully washed with THF. THF was evaporated from thecombined filtration solution. Water (150.0 ml) was added, the brownsolid product was obtained by filtration. The crude product was purifiedby silica gel column chromatography using toluene/ethyl acetate(9.7:0.3) as eluent. After evaporating solvent, the white solid wasrecrystallized from THF/methanol and finally dried under vacuum. Pureproduct was obtained as white solid in 0.99 g (86.1%) yield. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.47 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 8.16 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 4 Hz), 8.01(t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 4H), 7.45 (m,4H), 7.41 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (m, 4H), 7.08 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H,OCH₃). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 164.72, 164.02, 159.99, 140.90,140.21, 130.28, 128.58, 127.21, 126.21, 124.88, 123.76, 122.40, 120.57,120.48, 119.33, 118.29, 111.61, 109.68, 94.23, 55.55. [M]⁺ calcd forC₃₉H₂₆N₄O₂, 582.2, found 582.2. Anal. Calcd for C₃₉H₂₆N₄O₂: C, 80.39; H,4.50; N, 9.62. Found: C, 80.32; H, 4.41; N, 9.60.

Synthesis of3-(5-(3,5-dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol

To a solution of2-(3,5-dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (0.95g, 1.63 mmol) in dichloromethane (20.0 ml) was dropwise added BBr₃ (7.0ml, 1 M in dichloromethane) at −78° C. (dry-ice/acetone) under nitrogen.After addition of BBr₃ solution, the reaction was taken to roomtemperature and kept at room temperature for 5.5 h. The reaction mixturewas poured into ice-water (70.0 ml). Dichloromethane was evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The white solid was collected by filtration.After drying under vacuum, product as white solid was obtained in 0.92 g(98.9%) yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, δ): 10.01 (s, br, 1H, OH), 8.46(d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 8.28 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 4H), 8.17 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.66(d, J=8.0 Hz, 4H), 7.59 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (m, 5H), 7.34 (m, 5H),7.00 (dd, J₁=8.4 Hz, J₂=2.4 Hz, 1H). MS-EI (m/z): [M]⁺ calcd forC₃₈H₂₄N₄O₂, 568.2, found 568.2.

Example 2 Synthesis of Ambipolar Monomers (See FIGS. 6-8) Synthesis of2-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazolemixed with2-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(3-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

To a solution of3-(5-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (1.0 g, 2.48mmol) and1-(chloromethyl)-4-vinylbenzene/1-(chloromethyl)-3-vinylbenzene (1:1)(0.4 g, 2.62 mmol) in DMF (20.0 ml) was added K₂CO₃ (4.0 g, 28.94 mmol)at room temperature under stirring. The reaction was carried out at roomtemperature for 23 h. Water (100.0 ml) was added. Brown solid productwas obtained by filtration. The crude product was purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography using dichloromethane as eluent. After removal ofsolvent, white solid product was recrystallized from THF/methanol/water.White pure solid product was obtained by filtration. After vacuum dry,the product as white solid in 1.16 g (89.9%) was obtained. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.36 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2 H), 8.14 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),7.80-7.75 (m, 4H), 7.52-7.30 (m, 11H), 7.19 (m, 1 H), 6.78-6.69 (m, 1H,C═C—H), 5.81-5.74 (m, 1H, C═C—H), 5.30-5.25 (m, 1H, C═C—H), 5.16 (s, 1H,0.5×OCH₂), 5.15 (s, 1H, 0.5×OCH₂). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 164.76,163.97, 159.54, 140.86, 140.20, 136.94, 132.34, 130.22, 128.55, 127.18,126.20, 124.79, 123.75, 122.40, 120.55, 120.45, 119.10, 118.66, 112.26,109.67, 68.31, 49.53, 45.37, 42.48, 38.65, 34.67, 32.38, 29.18, 28.37,26.24. [M]⁺ calcd for C₃₅H₂₅N₃O₂, 519.2, found 519.2. Anal. Calcd forC₃₅H₂₅N₃O₂: C, 80.90; H, 4.85; N, 8.09. Found: C, 80.61; H, 4.87; N,8.05.

Synthesis of2-(3-(5-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate

To a solution of3-(5-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (1.0 g, 2.48mmol) and 2-bromoethyl methacrylate (0.5 g, 2.59 mmol) in DMF (20.0 ml)was added K₂CO₃ (4.0 g, 28.94 mmol) at room temperature under stirring.The reaction was carried out at room temperature for 23.5 h. Water(100.0 ml) was added. Brown solid product was obtained by filtration.The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography usingdichloromethane/ethyl acetate (9.7:0.3) as eluent. After removal ofsolvent, white glass-like solid product was dissolved in acetone. Theacetone solution was slowly dropped into methanol (60.0 ml) understirring. After addition of acetone solution, water (30.0 ml) was addedinto this solution. White solid product was obtained and collected byfiltration. After vacuum dry, the product as white solid in 0.98 g(76.6%) was obtained. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.37 (d, J=8.0 Hz,2H), 8.14 (dd, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=0.8 Hz, 2 Hz), 7.78-7.72 (m, 4H), 7.50-7.41(m, 5H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.12 (dd, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (d,J=0.4 Hz, 1H, C═C—H), 5.59 (t, J=0.8 Hz, 1H, C═C—H), 4.55 (t, J=4.8 Hz,2H, OCH₂), 4.33 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H, OCH₂), 1.96 (s, 3H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 167.28, 164.57, 164.06, 140.94, 140.22, 135.89, 130.40,128.59, 127.21, 126.21, 124.97, 123.78, 122.34, 120.58, 120.47, 119.79,118.74, 112.47, 109.87, 66.22, 62.86, 18.30. [M]⁺ calcd for C₃₂H₂₅N₃O₄,515.2, found 515.2. Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₂₅N₃O₄: C, 74.55; H, 4.89; N,8.15. Found: C, 74.29; H, 4.79; N, 8.13.

Synthesis of2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(5-(bicycle[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2-yl)pentyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

To a solution of3-(5-(3,5-dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (0.90 g,2.23 mmol) and 5-(bromomethyl)bicycle[2,2,1]hept-2-ene (0.74 g, 3.04mmol) in DMF (10.0 ml) was added K₂CO₃ (5.0 g, 36.18 mmol) at roomtemperature under stirring. The reaction was carried out at roomtemperature for 24 h. Water (150.0 ml) was added. Brown semi-solidproduct was obtained by filtration. The crude product was purified bysilica gel column chromatography using toluene/ethyl acetate (9.5:0.5)as eluent. After removal of solvents, glass-like solid was obtained.Acetone (3.0 ml) was added into this glass-like solid, at beginningsolid was disappeared. However, after several min, white solid wasappeared. The methanol (90%) in water was added into acetone solutionunder stirring. White solid product was obtained by filtration. Aftervacuum dry, the product as white solid in 0.99 g (78.6%) was obtained.¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.48 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 8.17 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 4Hz), 8.02 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.68-7.58 (m, 6H), 7.50-7.33 (m, 9H), 7.07(dd, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (q, J=2.8 Hz, 0.7H, endo), 6.08 (q,J=2.8 Hz, 0.3H, exo), 6.00 (q, J=2.8 Hz, 0.3H, exo), 5.90 (q, J=2.8 Hz,0.7H, endo), 4.00 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H, OCH₂), 2.74 (s, br, 1.7H), 2.49 (s,br, 0.3H), 1.96 (m, 1H), 1.81 (m, 2.5H), 1.46-1.03 (m, 7.5H), 0.47 (m,1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 165.24, 163.26, 159.58, 140.47,140.31, 136.91, 132.33, 130.23, 128.02, 127.42, 126.42, 124.44, 123.81,123.72, 120.79, 120.59, 119.25, 118.96, 112.29, 109.52, 68.34, 49.52,45.37, 42.48, 38.64, 34.63, 32.37, 29.13, 28.34, 26.20. [M]⁺ calcd forC₅₀H₄₂N₄O₂, 730.3, found 730.4. Anal. Calcd for C₅₀H₄₂N₄O₂: C, 82.16; H,5.79; N, 7.67. Found: C, 82.31; H, 5.77; N, 7.68.

Synthesis of2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazolemixed with2-(3,5-dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(3-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(1:1)

To a solution of3-(5-(3,5-dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (0.7 g,1.23 mmol) and1-(chloromethyl)-4-vinylbenzene/1-(chloromethyl)-3-vinylbenzene (1:1)(0.2 g, 1.31 mmol) in DMF (20.0 ml) was added K₂CO₃ (2.0 g, 14.47 mmol)at room temperature under stirring. The reaction was carried out at roomtemperature for 21 h. Water (100.0 ml) was added. Brown solid productwas obtained by filtration and washed with methanol. The crude productwas purified by silica gel column chromatography usingdichloromethane/hexanes (7:3) as eluent. After removal of solvent, whiteglass-like solid product was dissolved in dichloromethane. The solutionwas added into methanol (100.0 ml) under stirring. White solid productwas obtained and collected by filtration. After vacuum dry, the productas white solid in 0.74 g (88.1%) was obtained. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃,δ): 8.46 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.17 (dd, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=0.8 Hz, 4H), 8.01(t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.73-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 4H), 7.49-7.28(m, 13H), 7.16 (m, 1H), 6.71-6.62 (m, 1H, C═C—H), 5.75-5.68 (m, 1H,C═C—H), 5.24-5.20 (m, 1H, C═C—H), 5.11 (s, 1H, 0.5×OCH₂), 5.10 (s, 1H,0.5×OCH₂). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 165.10, 163.28, 159.09, 140.49,140.31, 137.97, 136.54, 136.42, 136.28, 135.74, 130.38, 128.82, 127.70,127.38, 126.88, 126.43, 125.98, 125.32, 124.56, 123.83, 123.72, 120.81,120.60, 119.79, 119.31, 114.38, 114.22, 112.73, 109.52, 70.19, 70.02.[M]⁺ calcd for C₄₇H₃₂N₄O₂, 684.3, found 684.2. Anal. Calcd forC₄₇H₃₂N₄O₂: C, 82.44; H, 4.71; N, 8.18. Found: C, 82.18; H, 4.71; N,8.20.

Synthesis of2-(3-(5-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate

To a solution of3-(5-(3,5-dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (0.7 g,1.23 mmol) and 2-bromoethyl methacrylate (0.25 g, 1.30 mmol) in DMF(20.0 ml) was added K₂CO₃ (2.0 g, 14.47 mmol) at room temperature understirring. The reaction was carried out at room temperature for 21 h.Water (100.0 ml) was added. Brown solid product was obtained byfiltration and washed with methanol. The crude product was purified bysilica gel column chromatography using dichloromethane/ethyl acetate(9.5:0.5) as eluent. After removal of solvent, white glass-like solidproduct was dissolved in THF (10.0 ml). Methanol (120.0 ml) was addedinto THF solution. White solid product was obtained and collected byfiltration. After vacuum dry, the product as white solid in 0.7 g(83.3%) was obtained. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.47 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 8.16 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 4 Hz), 8.01 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dt, J₁=8.0Hz, J₂=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (m, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 4H), 7.49-7.40 (m,5H), 7.34 (m, 4 H), 7.10 (m, 1H), 6.11 (t, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (m, 1H),4.49 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 2H, OCH₂), 4.29 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 2H, OCH₂), 1.92 (t,J=1.2 Hz, 3H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 167.24, 165.05, 163.35,159.01, 140.51, 140.32, 135.85, 130.43, 128.12, 127.36, 126.43, 126.16,124.60, 123.84, 123.77, 120.82, 120.61, 119.95, 119.09, 112.50, 109.52,66.24, 62.81, 18.26. [M]⁺ calcd for C₄₄H₃₂N₄O₄, 680.2.2, found 680.2.Anal. Calcd for C₄₄H₃₂N₄O₄: C, 77.63; H, 4.74; N, 8.23. Found: C, 77.49;H, 4.69; N, 8.21.

Synthesis of2-(3-Carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazolemixed with2-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(3-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(1:1)

To a solution of3-(5-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (1.0 g, 2.48mmol) and1-(chloromethyl)-4-vinylbenzene/1-(chloromethyl)-3-vinylbenzene (1:1)(0.5 g, 3.28 mmol) in DMF (20.0 ml) was added K₂CO₃ (4.0 g, 28.94 mmol)at room temperature under stirring. The reaction was carried out at roomtemperature for 17 h. Water (100.0 ml) was added. Brown solid productwas obtained by filtration. The crude product was purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography using dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (9.5:0.5) aseluent. After removal of solvent, white glass-like solid product wasobtained. White solid product was obtained and collected from water byfiltration. After vacuum dry, the product as white solid in 1.17 g(95.1%) was obtained. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.32 (m, 1H), 8.25 (m,1H), 8.16 (dd, J1=8.0 Hz, J2=1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.80-7.69 (m, 4H), 7.47-7.25(m, 11H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 6.73-6.64 (m, 1H, C═C—H), 5.77-5.70 (m, 1H,C═C—H), 5.23-5.22 (m, 1H, C═C—H), 5.12 (s, 1H, 0.5×OCH₂), 5.11 (s, 1H,0.5×OCH₂). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 164.79, 163.85, 159.07, 140.61,138.72, 137.97, 137.50, 136.58, 136.45, 136.30, 135.78, 130.85, 130.34,128.83, 127.74, 126.92, 126.46, 126.20, 125.99, 125.83, 125.41, 125.35,124.75, 123.56, 120.45, 120.38, 119.70, 119.66, 119.06, 114.40, 114.22,112.69, 109.55, 70.17, 70.01. [M]⁺ calcd for C₃₅H₂₅N₃O₂, 519.2, found519.2. Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₂₅N₃O₂: C, 80.90; H, 4.85; N, 8.09. Found: C,80.69; H, 4.82; N, 8.02.

Synthesis of2-(3-(5-(3-Carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate

To a solution of3-(5-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (0.80 g, 1.98mmol) and 2-bromoethyl methacrylate (0.40 g, 2.07 mmol) in DMF (15.0 ml)was added K₂CO₃ (4.0 g, 28.94 mmol) at room temperature under stirring.The reaction was carried out at room temperature for 21 h. Water (100.0ml) was added. Brown solid product was obtained by filtration. The crudeproduct was purified by silica gel column chromatography usingdichloromethane/ethyl acetate (9.5:0.5) as eluent. After removal ofsolvent, Methanol (120.0 ml) was added into this glass-like solid. Afterremoval of methanol, White solid product was obtained and collected fromwater by filtration. After vacuum dry, the product as white solid in0.78 g (76.4%) was obtained. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.34 (m, 1H),8.26 (m, 1H), 8.15 (dd, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=0.8 Hz, 2H), 7.78-7.66 (m, 4H),7.42 (m, 5H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.10 (m, 1H), 6.12 (t, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.56(m, 1H), 4.51 (m, 2H, OCH₂), 4.27 (m, 2H, OCH₂), 1.93 (t, J=1.2 Hz, 3H,CH₃). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 167.25, 164.71, 163.88, 158.97,140.61, 138.73, 135.86, 130.86, 130.37, 126.19, 125.85, 125.78, 125.43,124.80, 123.56, 120.45, 120.37, 119.85, 118.88, 112.42, 109.54, 66.21,62.84, 18.27. [M]⁺ calcd for C₃₂H₂₅N₃O₄, 515.2, found 515.2. Anal. Calcdfor C₃₂H₂₅N₃O₄: C, 74.55; H, 4.89; N, 8.15. Found: C, 74.26; H, 4.83; N,8.03.

Synthesis of2-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(5-(bicycle[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

To a solution of3-(5-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (1.0 g, 2.48mmol) and bicycle[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate(0.8 g, 2.93 mmol) in DMF (20.0 ml) was added Cs₂CO₃ (1.6 g, 4.91 mmol)at room temperature under stirring. The reaction was heated to 100° C.and carried out at this temperature for 3 h. Heating was stopped, thereaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. Water (120.0 ml)was added. Brown solid product was obtained by filtration. The crudeproduct was purified by silica gel column chromatography usingtoluene/ethyl acetate (9.5:0.5) as eluent. After removal of solvents,glass-like solid was obtained. Glass-like solid was dissolved in acetoneand the acetone solution was added into methanol/water (100.0 ml)(75:25) under stirring White solid was obtained and collected byfiltration. After vacuum dry, the product as white solid in 1.07 g(84.9%) was obtained. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.34 (t, J=1.2 Hz,1H), 8.27 (m, 1 Hz), 8.17 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.81-7.76 (m, 2H),7.70-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.31 (m, 7H), 7.07 (m, 1H), 6.19-5.95 (m, 2H,C═C—H), 4.10 (dd, J₁=8.8 Hz, J₂=6.0 Hz, 0.6H, 0.3×OCH₂), 3.92 (t, J=8.8Hz, 0.4H, 0.2×OCH₂), 3.78 (dd, J₁=8.8 Hz, J₂=6.0 Hz, 0.4H, 0.2×OCH₂),3.62 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 0.6H, 0.3×OCH₂), 3.05 (s, br, 0.4H), 2.86 (m, br,1.6H), 2.57 (m, 1H), 1.92 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.24 (m, 3H), 0.65 (m, 1H). ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 164.91, 163.81, 163.83, 159.55, 140.62, 138.71,137.65, 136.88, 136.36, 132.26, 130.83, 130.31, 130.28, 130.21, 130.16,126.19, 125.85, 125.42, 124.68, 124.63, 123.56, 120.45, 120.37, 119.23,119.13, 118.84, 118.81, 112.28, 112.23, 109.55, 72.55, 71.75, 49.41,45.04, 43.86, 43.68, 42.21, 41.58, 38.52, 38.30, 29.60, 28.98. [M]⁺calcd for C₃₄H₂₇N₃O₂, 509.2, found 509.2. Anal. Calcd for C₃₄H₂₇N₃O₂: C,80.13; H, 5.35; N, 8.25. Found: C, 80.00; H, 5.33; N, 8.19.

Example 3 Synthesis of Ambipolar Homopolymers (See FIGS. 9-10) SynthesisofPoly(2-(3-(5-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate)(“Ambi-Polymer 1”)

A Schlenk flask was charged with2-(3-(5-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate (0.5 g, 0.97 mmol), AIBN (2.5 mg, 0.015 mmol) and dry THF(4.0 ml). Polymerization mixture was purged with nitrogen (removal ofoxygen), securely sealed under nitrogen, and heated to 60° C. Thepolymerization was carried out at 60° C. with stirring for 72 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, the polymer was precipitated with ethanol.The white polymer precipitate was collected by filtration, dissolved indichloromethane, and precipitated with ethanol again. Thisdissolution/precipitation procedure was repeated three more times. Thecollected polymer was dried under vacuum. After vacuum dry, the polymeras white solid in 0.47 g (92.2%) was obtained. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃,δ): 8.01 (s, br), 7.94 (s, br), 7.43 (m, br), 7.23 (m, br), 7.13 (m,br), 6.89 (m, br), 4.12 (m, br), 1.97 (s, br), 1.00 (m, br). GPC(CHCl₃):M_(w)=150000, M_(n)=21000, PDI=7.1. Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₂₅N₃O₄: C,74.55; H, 4.89; N, 8.15. Found: C, 73.64; H, 4.80; N, 7.94.

Synthesis ofPoly(2-(3-(5-(3-Carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate) (“Ambi-Polymer 2”)

A Schlenk flask was charged with2-(3-(5-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate (0.5 g, 0.97 mmol), AIBN (2.5 mg, 0.015 mmol) and dry THF(6.0 ml). The polymerization mixture was purged with nitrogen (removalof oxygen), securely sealed under nitrogen, and heated to 60° C. Thepolymerization was carried out at 60° C. with stirring for 73 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, the polymer was precipitated with ethanol.The white polymer precipitate was collected by filtration, dissolved indichloromethane, and precipitated with ethanol again. Thisdissolution/precipitation procedure was repeated three more times. Thecollected polymer was dried under vacuum. After vacuum dry, the polymeras white solid in 0.46 g (92.0%) was obtained. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃,δ): 8.06 (s, br), 7.93 (m, br), 7.44 (s, br), 7.22 (m, br), 7.10 (s,br), 6.81 (m, br), 4.04 (m, br), 1.82 (s, br), 1.00 (m, br). GPC(CHCl₃):M_(w)=103000, M_(n)=15000, PDI=6.9. Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₂₅N₃O₄: C,74.55; H, 4.89; N, 8.15. Found: C, 73.95; H, 4.72; N, 8.02.

Synthesis ofPoly(2-(3-(5-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate) (“Ambi-Polymer 3”)

A Schlenk flask was charged with2-(3-(5-(3,5-dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate (0.5 g, 0.73 mmol), AIBN (2.0 mg, 0.012 mmol) and dry THF(5.0 ml). The polymerization mixture was purged with nitrogen (removalof oxygen), securely sealed under nitrogen, and heated to 60° C. Thepolymerization was carried out at 60° C. with stirring for 72 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, the polymer was precipitated with ethanol.The white polymer precipitate was collected by filtration, dissolved indichloromethane, and precipitated with ethanol again. Thisdissolution/precipitation procedure was repeated three more times. Thecollected polymer was dried under vacuum. After vacuum dry, the polymeras white solid in 0.46 g (92.0%) was obtained. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃,δ): 8.10 (s, br), 7.82 (s, br), 7.62 (s, br), 7.31 (m, br), 7.23 (m,br), 7.17 (s, br), 7.04 (s, br), 6.78 (m, br), 3.90 (m, br), 1.73 (m,br), 0.81 (m, br). GPC(CHCl₃): M_(w)=140000, M_(n)=19000, PDI=7.4. Anal.Calcd for C₄₄H₃₂N₄O₄: C, 77.63; H, 4.74; N, 8.23. Found: C, 77.12; H,4.63; N, 8.16.

Synthesis ofPoly(2-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(3-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(1:1))

Schlenk flask was charged with2-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazolemixed with2-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(3-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(1:1) (0.5 g, 0.96 mmol), AIBN (3.95 mg, 0.024 mmol) and dry THF (12.0ml). The polymerization mixture was purged with nitrogen (removal ofoxygen), securely sealed under nitrogen, and heated to 60° C. Thepolymerization was carried out at 60° C. with stirring for 72 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, the polymer was precipitated with ethanol.The white polymer precipitate was collected by filtration, dissolved indichloromethane, and precipitated with acetone again. Thisdissolution/precipitation (dichloromethane/acetone) procedure wasrepeated three more times. The collected polymer was dried under vacuum.After vacuum dry, the polymer as white solid in 0.23 g (46.0%) wasobtained. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.00 (m, br), 7.45 (s, br), 7.28(m, br), 7.15 (s, br), 6.85 (s, br), 4.81 (m, br), 2.05-1.00 (m, br).GPC (CHCl₃): M_(w)=73000, M_(n)=28000, PDI=2.6. Anal. Calcd forC₃₅H₂₅N₃O₂: C, 80.90; H, 4.85; N, 8.09. Found: C, 80.30; H, 4.73; N,8.10.

Synthesis ofPoly(2-(3-Carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(3-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(1:1))

A Schlenk flask was charged with2-(3-Carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazolemixed with2-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(3-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(1:1) (0.5 g, 0.96 mmol), AIBN (3.95 mg, 0.024 mmol) and dry THF (7.0ml). The polymerization mixture was purged with nitrogen (removal ofoxygen), securely sealed under nitrogen, and heated to 60° C. Thepolymerization was carried out at 60° C. with stirring for 7 days. Aftercooling to room temperature, the polymer was precipitated with acetone.The white polymer precipitate was collected by filtration, dissolved indichloromethane, and precipitated with acetone again. Thisdissolution/precipitation procedure was repeated three more times. Thecollected polymer was dried under vacuum. After vacuum dry, the polymeras white solid in 0.44 g (88.0%) was obtained. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃,δ): 8.09 (s, br), 7.96 (s, br), 7.46 (m, br), 7.25 (m, br), 7.14 (s,br), 7.03 (m, br), 6.81 (m, br), 6.42 (m, br), 4.71 (m, br), 2.00-1.00(m, br). GPC (CHCl₃): M_(w)=81000, M_(n)=21000, PDI=4.0. Anal. Calcd forC₃₅H₂₅N₃O₂: C, 80.90; H, 4.85; N, 8.09. Found: C, 80.66; H, 4.76; N,8.06.

Synthesis ofPoly(2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-(3,5-dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(3-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(1:1))

A Schlenk flask was charged with2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazolemixed with2-(3,5-dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(3-vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(1:1) (0.5 g, 0.73 mmol), AIBN (3.0 mg, 0.018 mmol) and dry THF (7.0ml). The polymerization mixture was purged with nitrogen (removal ofoxygen), securely sealed under nitrogen, and heated to 60° C. Thepolymerization was carried out at 60° C. with stirring for 7 days. Aftercooling to room temperature, the polymer was precipitated with acetone.The white polymer precipitate was collected by filtration, dissolved indichloromethane, and precipitated with acetone again. Thisdissolution/precipitation procedure was repeated three more times. Thecollected polymer was dried under vacuum. After vacuum dry, the polymeras white solid in 0.42 g (84.0%) was obtained. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃,δ): 8.10 (s, br), 7.86 (s, br), 7.67 (s, br), 7.35 (s, br), 7.21 (m,br), 7.08-6.60 (m, br), 6.30 (m, br), 4.62 (m, br), 2.00-1.00 (m, br).GPC (CHCl₃): M_(w)=68000, M_(n)=17000, PDI=4.0. Anal. Calcd forC₄₇H₃₂N₄O₂: C, 82.44; H, 4.71; N, 8.19. Found: C, 82.29; H, 4.63; N,8.19.

Synthesis ofPoly(2-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(5-(bicycle[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2-yl)pentyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole)

To a solution of2-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(5-(bicycle[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2-yl)pentyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(0.5 g, 0.883 mmol) in dichloromethane (8.0 ml) was added Grubbscatalyst 1^(st) generation (7.2 mg, 0.0088 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.0ml) at room temperature under stirring in glove-box. The polymerizationwas carried out at room temperature for 22 h. The polymerization mixturewas taken out from glove-box. Ethylvinyl ether (2.0 ml) was added understirring. After stirring 60 min, the polymer was precipitated withethanol (100.0 ml). The off-white polymer precipitate was collected byfiltration, dissolved in dichloromethane, and precipitated with ethanolagain. This dissolution/precipitation procedure was repeated two moretimes. The final collected polymer was dried under vacuum. After vacuumdry, the polymer as off-white solid in 0.41 g (82.0%) was obtained.¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.28 (s, br), 8.08 (m, br), 7.68 (m, br),7.38 (m, br), 7.28 (m, br), 7.02 (m, br), 5.26 (m, br), 3.96 (m, br),2.87 (m, br), 2.72 (m, br), 2.51 (m, br), 2.37 (m, br), 1.85 (m, br),1.75 (m, br), 1.41 (m, br), 1.26 m, br), 1.12 (m, br). GPC(CHCl₃):M_(w)=150000, M_(n)=52000, PDI=2.9. Anal. Calcd for C₃₈H₃₅N₃O₂: C,80.68; H, 6.24; N, 7.43. Found: C, 79.87; H, 6.16; N, 7.30.

Synthesis ofPoly(2-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(5-(bicycle[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole)

To a solution of2-(3-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(5-(bicycle[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(0.5 g, 0.981 mmol) in dichloromethane (9.0 ml) was added Grubbscatalyst 1^(st) generation (8.05 mg, 0.0098 mmol) in dichloromethane(1.0 ml) at room temperature under stirring in glove-box. Thepolymerization was carried out at room temperature for 22 h. Thepolymerization mixture was taken out from glove-box. Ethylvinyl ether(2.0 ml) was added under stirring. After stirring 30 min, the polymerwas precipitated with ethanol. The off-white polymer precipitate wascollected by filtration, dissolved in dichloromethane, and precipitatedwith ethanol again. This dissolution/precipitation procedure wasrepeated two more times. The final collected polymer was dried undervacuum. After vacuum dry, the polymer as off-white solid in 0.38 g(76.0%) was obtained. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.26 (s, br), 8.08 (s,br), 7.66 (s, br), 7.57 (m, br), 7.36 (s, br), 7.26 (s, br), 6.96 (m,br), 5.34 (m, br), 3.74 (m, br), 2.65 (m, br), 2.42 (m, br), 1.90 (m,br), 1.20 (m, br). GPC(CHCl₃): M_(w)=190000, M_(n)=73000, PDI=2.6. Anal.Calcd for C₃₄H₂₇N₃O₂: C, 80.13; H, 5.34; N, 8.11. Found: C, 79.55; H,5.22; N, 8.11.

Synthesis ofPoly(2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(5-(bicycle[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2-yl)pentyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole)

To a solution of2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-(5-(bicycle[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2-yl)pentyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(0.5 g, 0.684 mmol) in dichloromethane (6.0 ml) was added Grubbscatalyst 1^(st) generation (5.6 mg, 0.0068 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.0ml) at room temperature under stirring in glove-box. The polymerizationwas carried out at room temperature for 22 h. The polymerization mixturewas taken out from glove-box. Ethylvinyl ether (2.0 ml) was added understirring. After stirring 30 min, the polymer was precipitated withethanol. The off-white polymer precipitate was collected by filtration,dissolved in dichloromethane, and precipitated with ethanol again. Thisdissolution/precipitation procedure was repeated two more times. Thefinal collected polymer was dried under vacuum. After vacuum dry, thepolymer as off-white solid in 0.38 g (76.0%) was obtained. ¹H-NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 8.39 (s, br), 8.07 (s, br), 7.91 (s, br), 7.53 (d, br),7.39 (s, br), 7.25 (s, br), 6.94 (m, br), 5.21 (m, br), 3.87 (m, br),2.85 (m, br), 2.69 (m, br), 2.47 (m, br), 2.32 (m, br), 1.80 (m, br),1.66 (m, br), 1.25 (m, br), 1.06 (m, br). GPC(CHCl₃): M_(w)=160000,M_(n)=61000, PDI=2.6. Anal. Calcd for C₅₀H₄₂N₄O₂: C, 82.16; H, 5.79; N,7.67. Found: C, 81.17; H, 5.74; N, 7.58.

Example 4 Synthesis of Ambipolar Copolymers of Type (IV) Synthesis ofPoly[11-(6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-3,9′-bicarbazol-9-yl)undecylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylate]

Step 1: 11-(3,6-Diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)undecan-1-ol: To a solution of3,6-diiodocarbazole (10.0 g, 23.87 mmol) and 11-bromo-1-undecanol (7.0g, 27.87 mmol) in DMF (100.0 ml) was added K₂CO₃ (32.0 g, 231.33 mmol).The reaction was carried out at room temperature for 24 h. Water (300ml) was added. The precipitate was filtered. The crude product waspurified by silica gel column using Hexane/ethyl acetate (7:3) assolvent. 12.4 g (87.9%) of pure product as white solid was obtained.¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, TMS, 500 MHZ): δ=8.32 (d, 2H_(arom), J=1.5 Hz), 7.71 (dd,2H_(arom), J₁=1.5 Hz, J₂=8.5 Hz), 7.16 (dd, 2 H_(arom), J1=1.5 Hz,J2=8.5 Hz), 4.21 (t, 2H, NCH₂), 3.64 (m, 2H, OCH₂), 3.41 (t, 1H, OH),1.81 (m, 4H, 2×CH₂), 1.54 (m, 4H, 2×CH₂), 1.30 (m, 10H, 5×CH₂) ppm.

Step 2: 11-(6-(9H-Carbazol-9-yl)-9H-3,9′-bicarbazol-9-yl)undecan-1-ol:To a solution of 11-(3,6-Diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)undecan-1-ol (8.0 g,13.6 mmol), carbazole (6.8 g, 40.7 mmol) in DMSO (50.0 ml) were added Cu(10.0 g, 157.38 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (30.0 g, 283.05 mmol). The reaction wasstirred at 180° C. for 12 h. Insoluble inorganic salts were removed byfiltration and washed with THF. After removal of THF, water (250.0 ml)was added. The precipitate was collected by filtration and purified bysilica gel column using toluene/ethyl acetate (7:3) as solvent. 8.1 g(91.0%) of product was obtained as white solid. ¹H (300 MHz, CDCl₃):δ8.13-8.24 (m, 5H), 7.63-7.71 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.43 (m, 13H), 4.49 (t,J=6.98 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (t, J=6.34 Hz, 2H), 2.05 (p, J=7.28 Hz, 2H),1.23-1.77 (m, 18H), 1.18 (s, 1H). ¹³C{¹H} (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ42.09,140.42, 129.54, 126.19, 126.08, 123.62, 123.35, 123.33, 120.51, 120.07,119.85, 110.34, 109.97, 63.31, 43.94, 33.02, 29.82, 29.79, 29.71, 29.66,29.43, 27.66, 25.98. ELMS (m/z): M⁺ calcd for C₄₇H₄₅N₃O, 667.36; found667.4. Elemental Analysis Calculated for C₄₇H₄₅N₃O: C, 84.52; H, 6.79;N, 6.29. Found: C, 84.37; H, 6.74; N, 6.29.

Step 3: 11-(6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-3,9′-bicarbazol-9-yl)undecylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylate: The purified product of preparedin step 2, (0.501 g, 0.75 mmol), 5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid (0.235g, 1.70 mmol) and 10 mL of dry THF were combined in a round bottom flask(with stirring) and cooled in an ice bath for 20 minutes. DCC (0.17 g,0.82 mmol) and DMAP (0.02 g, 0.16 mmol) were weighed (on weighing paper)and added to the reaction flask. The flask was subsequently removed fromthe ice bath and allowed to warm to room temperature. The reactionproceeded overnight for 18 hours. The TLC showed the presence ofstarting material the next day, therefore more DCC (0.10 g, 0.48 mmol)was added to the reaction flask. After about 4 hours, TLC still showedthe presence of the starting material. Additional5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid (0.02 g, 0.14 mmol) and DCC (0.04 g, 0.19mmol) was added to the flask and the reaction was allowed to proceedovernight for 18 hours. TLC still showed the presence of startingmaterial the next day so the reaction was stopped. The reaction mixturewas filtered to remove the insoluble DCC by-product and the filtrate wasrotovapped to give white precipitate. The precipitate was recrystallized(2 times) from acetone with methanol but the starting material impurityremained (as observed by TLC). Column chromatography (silica gel,hexanes:ethyl acetate=8:2) was used to purify the product followed byrecrystallization from acetone with methanol and vacuum dryingovernight. Solvent contamination (as observed by ¹H NMR) requiredadditional recrystallization from dichloromethane with methanol. Thepurified product was collected by vacuum filtration and dried overnightat 60° C. in a vacuum oven (for 16 hours) to give a white powder (0.42g, 71.2%). ¹H (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ22-1.69 (m, 18H), 1.83-1.96 (m, 1H),2.05 (p, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.17-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.86-2.98 (m, 1H), 3.03 (s,1H), 3.19 (s, 1H), 5.88-5.94 (m, 1H), 6.07-6.22 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.50 (m,13H), 7.66 (m, 4H), 8.13-8.24 (m, 5H). ¹³C {¹H} (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ175.11, 142.10, 138.29, 137.99, 132.59, 129.53, 126.20, 126.08, 126.06,123.35, 123.33, 120.54, 120.52, 119.85, 110.34, 109.94, 64.55, 49.86,45.96, 43.60, 42.77, 29.80, 29.76, 29.74, 29.48, 29.46, 29.44, 29.40,28.91, 27.69, 26.19. EI-MS (m/z): M⁺ calcd for C₅₅H₅₃N₃O₂, 787.41; found787.4. Elemental analysis calculated. for C₅₅H₅₃N₃O₂: C, 83.83; H, 6.78;N, 5.33. Found: C, 83.70; H, 6.72; N, 5.28.

Synthesis of di-Oxadiazole Monomer243-(Bicyclo[2,2,1]hept-5en-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-5-(3-(5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole:The following synthesis and similar syntheses of similar monomerscomprising oxadiazole groups linked to norbornenyl groups has beenpreviously reported in PCT Application Serial No. PCT/EP/2008 068119filed 19 Dec. 2008, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference.

Step 1:3-(5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N′-(3-methyoxybenzoyl)benzohydrazine:To a solution of3-(5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzohydrazine (1.5 g,4.46 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (50.0 ml) and DMF (5.0 ml), was slowlyadded 3-methoxybenzoyl chloride (0.8 g, 4.69 mmol) at room temperatureunder nitrogen. During addition of 3-methoxybenzoyl chloride, whitesolids appeared. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 21 hours and then pyridine (10.0 ml) was added and stirred foranother hour. Then, water (300.0 ml) was added into the reactionmixture. The white solid was collected by filtration and dried overnightunder vacuum and provided 1.9 g (90.4%) yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ: 10.83 (s, br, 1H, NH), 10.64 (s, br, NH), 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.34 (d, 1H,J=7.6 Hz), 8.17 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 8.07 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.80 (t, 1H,J=7.6 Hz), 7.65 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.54-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.17 (d, 1H, J=8.0Hz), 3.83 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 1.33 (s, 9H, 3×CH₃) ppm.

Step 2:2-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-5-(3-(5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole:3-(5-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N′-(3-methyoxy-benzoyl)benzohydrazine(1.75 g, 3.72 mmol) was added in POCl₃ (15.0 ml). The reaction washeated to 90° C. and kept at this temperature for 4 hours. After coolingdown to room temperature, the reaction mixture was slowly dropped intoice-water (300.0 ml). The white solid formed was collected by vacuumfiltration. The crude product was dried and purified by a silica gelcolumn using dichloromethane/ethyl acetate, ratio (9:1), as the eluent.After the removal of the solvents, a pure white solid product wasobtained in 1.18 g (70.2%) yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.86 (t,1H, J=1.6 Hz), 8.34 (dt, 2H, J₁=7.6 Hz, J₂=1.6 Hz), 8.11 (d, 2H, J=8.4Hz), 7.73 (m, 3H), 7.57 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.47 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.32(dd, 1H, J_(j)=7.6 Hz, J₂=1.6 Hz), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 1.39 (s, 9H,3×CH₃) ppm. ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 165.11, 164.94, 163.62, 163.34,159.95, 155.64, 130.26, 129.97, 129.74, 126.89, 126.10, 125.10, 124.92,124.90, 124.65, 120.70, 119.42, 118.42, 111.60, 55.56, 35.10, 31.08 ppm.MS-EI (m/z): [M]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₂₄N₄O₄ 452.2, found 452.2.

Step 3:3-(5-(3-(5-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol(YZ-I-269): To a solution of2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(3-(5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(1.0 g, 2.21 mmol) in dichloromethane (30.0 ml), was dropwise added BBr₃(16.0 ml, 1 M in dichloromethane) at −78° C. (dry-ice/acetone) undernitrogen. After the addition of the BBr₃ solution, the reaction wastaken to room temperature and kept at room temperature for 7 hours. Thereaction mixture was poured into ice-water (150.0 ml). Dichloromethanewas evaporated under reduced pressure. The white solid was collected byfiltration. After drying under vacuum, a white solid product wasobtained in 0.98 g (100%) yield. δ: 10.02 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.31(m, 2H), 8.07 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.86 (t, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.63 (d, 2H,J=8.4 Hz), 7.58 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.42 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz),7.03 (dd, 1H, J₁=7.6 Hz, J₂=1.6 Hz), 1.32 (s, 9H, 3×CH₃) ppm.

Step 4:2-(3-(Bicyclo[2,2,1]hept-5en-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-5-(3-(5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole:To a solution of3-(5-(3-(5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol(0.92 g, 2.10 mmol) and bicyclo[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (1.6 g, 5.75 mmol) in DMF (45.0 ml), was addedCs₂CO₃ (4.5 g, 13.81 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen. Thereaction was carried out at 100° C. for 2 hours. After cooling down toroom temperature, water (100.0 ml) was added into the reaction mixture.A brown solid precipitate was collected by filtration and washed withmethanol and then dried under vacuum. The crude product was purified bya silica gel column using dichloromethane/ethyl acetate, ratio(9.3:0.7), as the eluent. After removal of the solvents, a pure whitesolid product was obtained in 0.97 g (85.1%) yield by recrystallizationfrom dichloromethane/methanol. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.86 (m, 1H),8.34 (dd, 2H, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=1.6 Hz), 8.11 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.73 (m,2H), 7.67 (m, 1 H), 7.58 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.45 (m, 1H), 7.12 (m, 1H),6.22-5.99 (m, 2H, C═C—H, endo and exo), 4.17-3.64 (m, 2H, OCH₂, endo andexo), 3.09 (s, br), 2.91 (m, br), 2.61 (m, br), 1.95 (m), 1.52 (m), 1.39(s, 9H, 3×CH₃), 1.40-1.23 (m), 0.68 (m) ppm. ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:165.14, 163.65, 163.38, 159.57, 155.67, 137.68, 136.90, 136.38, 132.29,130.26, 129.99, 129.77, 129.71, 126.92, 126.13, 125.13, 124.98, 124.94,124.61, 120.73, 119.31, 119.22, 118.90, 112.29, 72.57, 71.78, 49.42,45.06, 43.87, 43.69, 42.23, 41.60, 38.54, 38.32, 35.12, 31.10, 29.62,28.99 ppm. MS (m/z): [M+1]⁺ calcd for C₃₄H₃₂N₄O₃ 545.3, found 545.2.Anal. Calcd for C₃₄H₃₂N₄O₃: C, 74.98; H, 5.92; N, 10.29. Found: C,74.77; H, 6.02; N, 10.27.

Copolymerization of Norbornenyl Tricarbazole and NorbornenylDioxadiazole Monomers to Form Class (IV) Copolymer—

2-(3-(Bicyclo[2,2,1]hept-5en-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-5-(3-(5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazolemonomer (0.201 g, 0.37 mmol) and11-(6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-3,9′-bicarbazol-9-yl)undecylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylate monomer (0.288 g, 0.37 mmol) wereweighed into a bottle. Grubbs' first generation catalyst (0.0076 g,9.2×10⁻³ mmol) was weighed out into separate vial. The bottle and vialwere placed into a glovebox. 6.0 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added to thebottle containing the monomers. 1.0 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added to vialcontaining Grubbs' first generation catalyst and solution was quicklyadded to monomer solution. An additional 1.0 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added tocatalyst vial (for washing) and solution was transferred into themonomer bottle. The polymerization was allowed to proceed overnight for20 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated (under vacuum) andquenched (out of glovebox) with 3.0 mL of ethyl vinyl ether and thentransferred (dropwise) into 40.0 mL of methanol to precipitate polymer.The polymer was then vacuum filtered and re-dissolved with minimal (<3.0mL) CH₂Cl₂. The solution was then added (dropwise) to 30.0 mL ofmethanol to precipitate polymer. Process of isolating, dissolving, andvacuum filtering polymer repeated three more repetitions in order topurify polymer. Final product was dried under vacuum to give awhite/off-white powder (0.261 g, 53.4%). ¹H (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ8.66-8.83(br, 1H), 7.94-8.29 (br, 6H), 7.44-7.74 (br, 6H), 6.91-7.44 (br, 13H),5.08-5.47 (br, 2H), 4.24-4.51 (br, 2H), 3.67-4.08 (br, 4H), 1.82-3.23(br, 7H), 1.00-1.82 (br, 27H). Elemental anal. calcd., 79.41; H, 6.35;N, 7.81. Found: C, 78.74; H, 6.43; N, 7.24. Gel PermeationChromatography (THF): M, =261,000; M_(n)=68,000; PDI=3.813.

Example 5 OLED Devices Comprising Homopolymers of Ambipolar Monomers

Multi-layer OLED devices were prepared as generally described below,using solutions of the ambiopolar homopolymers described herein and aknown monomeric phosphorescent Iridium complex to form the emissionlayer of the OLED devices, as further described below.

In examples employing ambipolar homopolyers of class (I), (II), or(III), 35 nm thick hole injection and hole transporting layer ofPoly-TPD-F was typically formed by spin coating on a pre-cleaned ITOsubstrate, then, this hole transporting layer was photo-crosslinked. Onthe top of crosslinked hole transporting layer, a 40 nm thick emissionlayer of one of the ambipolar polymers described herein was doped with10 wt % Ir(ppy)₃ and coated by spin coating. Then, the emitting layerwas capped with a 40 nm thick layer of BCP used as hole blocking andelectron transporting layer by thermally evaporated. Finally, 2.5 nm ofLiF as an electron-injection layer and a 200 nm-thick aluminum cathodewere vacuum deposited on the top of BCP.

For the hole-transport layer, 10 mg of Poly-TPD-F was dissolved in 1.0ml of distilled and degassed toluene. For the emissive layer, threeindividual solutions of the ambipolar methacrylate homopolymersPoly(2-(3-(5-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate), i.e. “Ambi-Polymer 1”;Poly(2-(3-(5-(3-Carbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate), i.e. “Ambi-Polymer 2”; andPoly(2-(3-(5-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)ethylmethacrylate),), i.e. “Ambi-Polymer 3”; were prepared by dissolving 9.4mg of the polymers and 0.6 mg of fac tris(2-phenylpyridinato-N,C2′)iridium [Ir(ppy)₃] in 1.0 ml of distilled and degassed chlorobenzene.All solutions were made under inert atmosphere and were stirredovernight.

35 nm thick films of the hole-transport material were spin coated (60 sat 1500 rpm, acceleration 10,000) onto air plasma treated indium tinoxide (ITO) coated glass substrates with a sheet resistance of 20Ω/□(Colorado Concept Coatings, L.L.C.). Films were photo-crosslinked with astandard broad-band UV light with a 0.7 mW/cm² power density for 1.0minute. Subsequently, a 40 nm-thick film of ambipolar polymer doped 6.0%(ratio in weight) of green phosphorescent compound (Ir(ppy)₃) was spincoated from its solution on top of the crosslinked hole-transport layer(60 s at 1000 rpm, acceleration 10,000). For the hole-blocking layer,bathocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, BCP) wasfirst purified using gradient zone sublimation, and a film of 40 nm wasthen thermally evaporated at a rate of 0.4 Å/s and at a pressure below1×10⁻⁷ Torr on top of the emissive layer.

Finally, 2.5 nm of lithium fluoride (LiF) as an electron-injection layerand a 200 nm-thick aluminum cathode were vacuum deposited at a pressurebelow 1×10⁻⁶ Ton and at rates of 0.1 Å/s and 2 Å/s, respectively. Ashadow mask was used for the evaporation of the metal to form fivedevices with an area of 0.1 cm² per substrate. At no point duringfabrication were the devices were exposed to atmospheric conditions. Thetesting was done right after the deposition of the metal cathode ininert atmosphere without exposing the devices to air.

Comparison of Ambipolar Homopolymers As Hosts: FIG. 12 shows theluminance vs. applied voltage and external quantum efficiency vs.applied voltage characteristics for three ambipolar polymers,Ambi-Polymer 1, Ambi-Polymer 2, and Ambi-Polymer 3. Devices withAmbi-Polymer 1 and Ambi-Polymer 1 show low turn-on voltage ˜4.5 V, anddevice with Ambi-Polymer 2 has turn-on voltage ˜5.5 V. The externalquantum efficiency obtained in the devices were ˜10% for Ambi-Polymer 3at 100 cd/m², ˜9% for Ambi-Polymer 2 at 100 cd/m² and ˜7% forAmbi-Polymer 1 at 100 cd/m². The luminance of the all devices canachieved over several thousand cd/m². Based on turn-on voltage,luminance and external quantum efficiency data, Ambi-Polymer 3 arguablygave the best performance among these three host polymers.

Comparison of OLED Devices Comprising Ambi-Polymer 3 with Known MixedHole Carrying and Electron Carrying Hosts: Our previous best OLEDdevices employed emissive layer host materials comprising the PVKpolycarbazole hole carrier, doped with 30% or more of PBD or OXD-7 assmall molecule electron carriers, as well as small molecule 3d rowtransition metal complexes as phosphorescent guests.

FIG. 13 compares the results of the OLED device comprising the resultsof a comparison of the results obtained using the Ambi-Polymer 3 withdevices employing a mixture of PVK:PBD, or a mixture of PVK:MMEther,where MMEther is polyoxadiazole having the structure shown below:

The OLED device employing Ambi-Polymer 3 gave results comparable to thetwo devices based on mixed host materials, but is likely to be much morestable under heating and/or long-term use.

Effect of Addition of Additional Hole or Electron Carriers on OLEDDevices Comprising Ambi-Polymer 2: FIG. 14 shows that addition ofadditional hole carrier materials (PVK) or electron carrier materials(PBD) decreased the performance of OLED devices comprising Ambi-Polymer2.

Example 6 OLED Device Comprising an Ambipolar Copolymer of Class (IV)

An OLED device was fabricated using an ambipolar copolymer host of class(IV) having the structure shown below, to form the emission layer.

The general experimental details for the device fabrication weredescribed earlier above. For the emissive layer, a 50 nm layer was spincoated from a solution of chlorobenzene (10 mg/ml) using the ambipolarhost copolymer indicated above and the previously known F—Pt emittercomplex (structure shown below) in a weight ratio of 9:1.

The Electroluminescence spectrum of the OLED device utilizing theambipolar polymer is shown in FIG. 15 a. The EL spectrum of the OLEDshowed the emissions across the entire visible spectrum, which gave CIEcoordinates in the near-white region and a high CRI of 90. The CIEcoordinates for the WOLED device are shown in FIG. 15 b, as indicated bythe arrow on the color coordinate diagram. It can be seen that theobserved CIE coordinate of (0.38, 0.36) is close to a white colorcoordinate (0.33, 0.33). It is also worth noting here that this level ofwhite emission was achieved using less FPt dopant, 10% (by weightpercent), than earlier devices employing only hole transporthomopolymers requiring around 18% doping levels for near white emission.

The current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics for the WOLEDs withthe ambipolar host are shown in FIG. 16 a. The luminance and EQE curvesfor the respective devices are shown in FIG. 16 b. With respect toefficiency, the WOLED device showed an EQE of 0.3±0.1% (1±1 cd/A)

Example 7 OLED Device Comprising an Ambipolar Small Molecule Hole andElectron Carrier

An OLED device was fabricated using the small molecule ambipolarcompound2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole,whose synthesis is detailed in Example 1, and the known phosphorescentIridium complex Ir(ppy)₃ (to form the emission layer).

For the hole-transport layer, 10 mg of PVK were dissolved in 1 ml ofdistilled and degassed toluene. 35 nm thick films of the hole-transportmaterial were spin coated (60 s@1500 rpm, acceleration 10,000) onto airplasma treated indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates with asheet resistance of 20Ω/square (Colorado Concept Coatings, L.L.C.). Forthe emitting layer, a concentration of 6% Ir(ppy)₃ was coevaporated intoa 20-nm-thick film of2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole. Forthe hole-blocking and electron transport layer, BCP was vacuum depositedat a pressure below 1×10⁻⁶ Torr and at rates of 0.4 Å/s, respectively.Finally, 2.5 nm of lithium fluoride (LiF) as an electron-injection layerand a 200 nm-thick aluminum cathode were vacuum deposited at a pressurebelow 1×10⁻⁶ Torr and at rates of 0.1 Å/s and 2 Å/s, respectively. Ashadow mask was used for the evaporation of the metal to form fivedevices with an area of 0.1 cm² per substrate. The testing was doneright after the deposition of the metal cathode in inert atmospherewithout exposing the devices to air.

The current-voltage characteristic of the above referenced device isshown in FIG. 17 a. The light output and external quantum efficiency asa function of voltage are shown in FIG. 17 b. The device referencedabove exhibits an external quantum efficiency of 12.4% and 10.1% at alight output level of 100 cd/m² and 1,000 cd/m², respectively.

Additional otherwise similar OLED devices, instead utilizing a 6%dispersion of the well known blue-green emitter iridium(III)bis[(4,6-di-fluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2′]picolinate (FIrpic),coevaporated into2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, tosupply the emitting layer, together with either PVK or TCZ as holetransport layers were also constructed (five devices each) and tested asalready described. The current-voltage characteristic of the PVK devicesare shown in FIG. 18 a, and the light output and external quantumefficiency as a function of voltage are shown in FIG. 18 b. Thecurrent-voltage characteristic of the PVK devices are shown in FIG. 19a, and the light output and external quantum efficiency as a function ofvoltage are shown in FIG. 19 b

Example 7a Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(substituted-phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles

In order to serve as a suitable host material for various emittercomplexes with a variety of emission wavelengths, the energies of thelowest triplet states LUMO orbitals of the oxadiazolecarbazoles(“ODZCBZs”) disclosed herein, as already exemplified by2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole asdescribed in Example 7 above, should be rationally tuneable, so as toproperly match with the energies of the various emitter complexes.Accordingly, Applicants synthesized a series of seven variouslysubstituted analogs of2-(3,5-Dicarbazol-9-ylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (i.e.“ODZCBZ-x” compounds, where x is 1-7), as shown in the drawing below,FIG. 20, and in Table 1, shown below.

TABLE 1 The Reduction Potentials of “ODZCBZ-x” Ambipolar Small Molecules

No. R₇ R₈ R₉ R₁₀ R₁₁ E _(1/2) ^(0/-1) ODZCBZ-1 —F —F —F —F —F −2.05 VODZCBZ-2 —H —H —F —H —H −2.38 V ODZCBZ-3 —H —H —H —H —H -−2.37 V ODZCBZ-4 —H —H —CF₃ —H —H −1.50 V ODZCBZ-5 —H —H —CH₃ —H —H -−2.41 V ODZCBZ-6 —H —H —H —H —CF₃ −2.25 V ODZCBZ-7 —H —H —H —CF₃ —H −2.29 V“ODZCBZ-x”, where x is 1-7

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements for each of the ODZCBZ-x compoundswas done in THF with 0.1 M of (n-Bu)₄NPF₆, with Pt wire counterelectrode; Ag/AgCl reference electrode; and 50 mV/s scanning rate, usingFerrocene as an internal standard. The ODZCBZ-x compounds showedreversible reductions at between about −1.5 and −2.5 volts vs ferrocene,at the experimental potentials indicated in Table 1. The presence ofstrong electron withdrawing substituents (F, CF₃) at the para “R⁹”position seemed to noticeably lower the reduction potentials.

Example 8 Synthesis and Characterization of2-(3-(6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-3,9′-bicarbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

2-(3-iodophenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (1.023 g, 2.82mmol, see Example 1 for preparation) and Triscarbazole (1.386 g, 2.79mmol, see Xing et al, Sensors and Actuatord, B 114 (2006) 28-31 forpreparation) were added to DMF (25 mL) under N₂. Then Cu (1.790 g, 28.17mmol) and K₂CO₃ (3.870 g, 28.00 mmol) were added and the reactionmixture heated to 160° C. for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was cooledto room temperature and then poured into THF (150 mL), stirring for 1 h.After filtering off all solids, the filtrate was concentrated by rotaryevaporation. Water (100 mL) was then added in to the concentratedfiltrate and the crude product precipitated and was collected byfiltration. The crude product was then dried and purified by silica gelchromatography (toluene, then toluene:ethyl acetate=9:1). After thechromatography solvents were removed, the product was redissolved andreprecipitated in acetone to give a white solid (0.870 g, 42%),2-(3-(6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-3,9′-bicarbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm): 8.52 (t, J=1.6 Hz, br, 1H), 8.35 (dt,J₁=7.2 Hz, J₂=1.6 Hz, br, 1H), 8.29 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.15 (d, J=7.6Hz, 4H), 7.94 (dt, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=1.6 Hz, br, 1H), 7.91 (q, J=7.6 Hz,1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.0 Hz, br, 1H), 7.67 (t, J=8.8 Hz, br, 4H), 7.64 (dd,J₁=8.8 Hz, J₂=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=7.6 Hz,8H), 7.27 (septet, J=4.0 Hz, 4H), 7.11 (dd, J₁=8.0 Hz, J₂=2.4 Hz, 1H),3.90 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm): 165.03, 163.70, 160.02,141.68, 140.44, 138.21, 131.26, 130.82, 130.40, 130.34, 126.52, 126.27,125.92, 125.59, 124.70, 124.21, 123.17, 120.31, 119.86, 119.75, 119.42,118.37, 111.83, 111.15, 109.65, 99.96. Anal. Calcd. for C₅₁H₃₃N₅O₂: C,81.91; H, 4.45; N, 9.36. Found: C, 81.61; H, 4.25; N, 9.30. ESI-AccurateMass (m/z): [M⁺] calcd. for C₅₁H₃₃N₅O₂: 747.26, 748.27, found: 748.2759.UV-Vis (CH₂Cl₂, r.t.): 342 nm, 293 nm, 238 nm (c=1.39×10⁵ mol⁻¹·L·cm⁻¹),DSC: T_(g)=154° C. TGA: 5% Mass lost at 467° C.CV (vs. Ferrocene):E_(1/2) ^(0/−1)=−2.5 V (THF, r.t.), E_(1/2) ^(0/+1)=0.53 V (CH₂Cl₂,r.t.), E_(1/2) ^(+1/+2)=0.77 V (CH₂Cl₂, r.t.)

OLED devices comprising emissive layers comprising 6%Ir(ppy)co-deposited with the2-(3-(6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-3,9′-bicarbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazolewere made via the same procedures already described to make OLED deviceshaving the configuration ITO/PVK (40 nm)/[6%Ir(ppy)/3-2-(3-(6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-3,9′-bicarbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(20 nm)/BCP (40 nm)/LiF/Al.

The current-voltage characteristic of the above referenced devices areshown in FIG. 20 a The light output and external quantum efficiency as afunction of voltage are shown in FIG. 20 b. The device referenced aboveexhibits an external quantum efficiency of 10.5% and 9.5% at a lightoutput level of 100 cd/m² and 1,000 cd/m², respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The above specification, examples and data provide exemplary descriptionof the manufacture and use of the various compositions and devices ofthe inventions, and methods for their manufacture and use. In view ofthose disclosures, one of ordinary skill in the art will be able toenvision many additional embodiments or sub-embodiments of theinventions disclosed and claimed herein to be obvious, and that they canbe made without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventionsdisclosed herein. The claims hereinafter appended define some of thoseembodiments.

1. A monomer comprising a polymerizable group linked to a2-phenyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole group having one or more carbazolegroups bound thereto, the monomer having the formula:

wherein a) L is a C₁-C₂₀ organic group linking the polymerizable groupto the 2-phenyl ring of the oxadiazole group; b) at least one of the R¹,R² and R³ groups is an optionally substituted carbazole group, and theremaining R¹, R² or R³ groups are independently selected from hydrogen,fluoride, a C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxide, orperfluoroalkoxide groups, and a second optionally substituted carbazolegroup; wherein the optionally substituted carbazole groups have thestructure

wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, fluoride,and a C₁-C₆ organic group selected from alkyls, cyano, perfluoroalkyls,alkoxides, and perfluoroalkoxides; c) R⁴ is selected from hydrogen,fluoride, and a C₁-C₆ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxide, orperfluoroalkoxide group.
 2. The monomer of claim 1 wherein thepolymerizable group comprises a styrene, acrylate, methacylate, ornorbornyl group.
 3. The monomer of claim 1 having the structure


4. The monomer of claim 1 wherein R⁴ is hydrogen.
 5. The monomer ofclaim 1 having the structure


6. The monomer of claim 1 having the structure


7. The monomer of claim 1 having the structure


8. The monomer of claim 1 wherein one of the R¹, R² and R³ groupscomprises an optionally substituted carbazole group, and the remainingR¹, R² or R³ groups are hydrogen.
 9. The monomer of claim 1 wherein oneof the R¹ and R² groups has the structure

and the remaining R¹, R² or R³ groups are hydrogen.
 10. The monomer ofclaim 1 wherein both the R¹ and R³ groups have the structure

and R² is hydrogen.
 11. The monomer of claim 1 wherein one of the R¹, R²and R³ groups is an optionally substituted carbazole group having thestructure

and the remaining R¹, R² or R³ groups are hydrogen.
 12. The monomer ofclaim 1 wherein L is an alkylene or alkyleneoxy group.
 13. The monomerof claim 1 wherein L has

wherein n is an integer from 1 to
 20. 14. The monomer of claim 1 whereinL has the structure


15. The monomer of claim 1 having the structure


16. The monomers of claim 1 having the structure

wherein one of the R¹, R² and R³ groups is an optionally substitutedcarbazole group having the structure

and the remaining R¹, R² or R³ groups are hydrogen.
 17. A copolymerprepared by mixing at least one monomer of claim 1, with one or moreadditional olefinic monomers, and polymerizing the mixed monomers. 18.The copolymer of claim 17 wherein the one or more additional olefinicmonomers are optionally substituted styrene, acrylate, methacrylate, ornorbornene monomers.
 19. The copolymer of claim 17 wherein the one ormore additional olefinic monomers comprise one or more styrene,acrylate, methacrylate, or norbornene monomers linked to aphosphorescent metal complex.
 20. The copolymer of claim 17 thatcomprises at least one polymerized subunit having the structure